For or against racial profiling Essay Essay

Write an essay that presents your opinion on racial profiling. Begin with a debatable thesis statement. Then follow the guidelines for writing an argument essay. As you write your essay, be sure you support your opinions with reasons. ESSAY OUTLINE INTRODUCTION (5-7 sentences) 1. Hook (1-2 sentences) 2. Background information (3-4 sentences) 3. Thesis Statement (1-2 sentences) BODY PARAGRAPH 1 (REASON 1) 1. Topic Sentence (1 sentence) 2. One piece of evidence with citation 3. Commentary sentences (2-3 sentences) 4. Second piece of evidence with citation 5. Commentary sentences (2-3 sentences) 6. Transition/ Closing Sentence (1 sentence) BODY PARAGRAPH 2 (REASON 2) 1. Topic Sentence (1 sentence) 2. One piece of evidence with citation 3. Commentary sentences (2-3 sentences) 4. Second piece of evidence with citation 5. Commentary sentences (2-3 sentences) 6. Transition/ Closing Sentence (1 sentence) BODY PARAGRAPH 3 (COUNTERARGUMENT AND REFUTATION) 1. Topic Sentence (1 sentence) 2. Opposing side’s argument evidence with citation 3. Refutation argument 1 (2-3 sentences) 4. Refutation 2 (2-3 sentences) 5. Transition/ Closing Sentence (1 sentence) CONCLUSION (5-7 sentences) 1. Restate your thesis statement 2. Sum up your two arguments 3. Ask â€Å"so what?† questions (2-3 sentences) BRAINSTORM ARGUMENTS Arguments for racial profiling Arguments against racial profiling *In persuasion, we use the term arguments to mean reasons. Which arguments do you find most persuasive? Which side will you argue in your essay? I will argue that __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________. My 2 arguments will be (choose 2 from the table above): The best argument for the opposing side is ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________. Thesis Statement (main idea of my essay): __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. FINDING EVIDENCE Now that you have your thesis statement and your arguments laid out, you need to find evidence to support those arguments. EVIDENCE CAN INCLUDE: Facts from your sources (newspaper articles, USDA website) Statistics Quotes from experts like spokespeople for companies, university professors, scientists who study nutrition, and experts on psychology or advertising Personal experiences or observations Go through your articles in the racial profiling packet and put an arrow next to any evidence you may plan to use for your two main arguments and your argument for the opposing side. Write the number of the body paragraph (1,2,3) next the evidence you plan to use in your essay. TWO SAMPLE MLA IN-TEXT CITATIONS 1. Introduce the source and author In â€Å"If You Pitch It, They Will Eat† Davis Barboza argues, â€Å"Television, of course, remains the most powerful medium for selling to children† (39). 2. Put whole citation after the quote (author and page number) The article says, â€Å"Television, of course, remains the most powerful medium for selling to children† (Barboza 39). Never ever write (pg. 39)!!!!! MLA NEWSPAPER CITATION A works cited page always puts the sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name and is double-spaced. FORMAT Author’s last name, first name. â€Å" Title of the article †. Newspaper publisher. Day month year of publication, Pages. SAMPLE CITATION Barboza, David. â€Å"If You Pitch It, They Will Eat†. The New York Times. 3 Aug. 2003, 37-41. RACIAL PROFILING ESSAY: BODY PARAGRAPH 1 OUTLINE TOPIC SENTENCE EVIDENCE/QUOTE 1 with source (â€Å"article title† and author) COMMENTARY (Why is this evidence important? How does it relate to the thesis?) EVIDENCE/QUOTE 2 with source (â€Å"article title† and author) COMMENTARY (Why is this evidence important? How does it relate to the thesis?) TRANSITION/ CLOSING SENTENCE RACIAL PROFILING ESSAY: BODY PARAGRAPH 2 OUTLINE TOPIC SENTENCE EVIDENCE/QUOTE 1 with source (â€Å"article title† and author) COMMENTARY (Why is this evidence important? How does it relate to the thesis?) EVIDENCE/QUOTE 2 with source (â€Å"article title† and author) COMMENTARY (Why is this evidence important? How does it relate to the thesis?) TRANSITION/ CLOSING SENTENCE BODY PARAGRAPH 3 COUNTERARGUMENT AND REFUTATION The topic sentence for body paragraph 3 will be the opposing side’s argument and will include one piece of evidence to support their claim (the opposite of your thesis). For your two refutations you will explain why the opposing side is wrong. Use two pieces of evidence to support your argument. TOPIC SENTENCE (OPPOSING SIDE’S ARGUMENT) OPPOSING EVIDENCE/QUOTE REFUTATION 1 EVIDENCE REFUTATION 2 EVIDENCE TRANSITION/ CLOSING SENTENCE

Ethical Fashion Essay

Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional What role,if any,does ethics play in the fashion/design industry? Ethical fashion means fashion which takes into consideration the people behind the clothes we wear,as well as the environment. When you buy some clothes, you may not consider twice about where it was originally made,by whom and under what conditions. These days people like fast fashion. Fast fashion means fashion that is fast. In other word, these clothes adapt to the latest trends quickly. It gives people satisfaction using their mentality that they want to bargain.However, we should think how can they be sold with a cheap price. Maybe fast fashion helps to boost fashion industry in a short time but It has a lot of side effects environmentally. (How to write a meaning of ethical fashion is clearly outlined in this site: http://www. fairfashion. info/de/what. html) At first, fast fashion absolutely causes pollution. In a process of manufacture, making cotton ha s an effect on using vast amount of chemicals and water. For example, The Aral Sea has begun to under-go a process of desertification. Growing cotton is one of the main reason of Aral’s loss.In addition, Pesticides have used 54% annually in India which is one of the largest cotton farm. Perilous pesticides associated with the cotton production make a water pollution. Moreover, Child labourers are exposed on the risk of pesticides through participation in cotton production. That is why it is important to keep a slow fashion(opposite of fast fashion)in our life. (Environmental Justice Foundation(n. d. ). Pesticides and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page332. html) (Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Water and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. rg/page334. html) Secondly, fast fashion also damages labor environment. The power of sweatshop still exist everywhere in the world. They have no regard for worker’s rights. It happens n ot only Indian workers but also Latino workers. For instance, Aracely who is immigrant from spain has worked in the sweatshops of Los Angeles. She should know the language but this is a luxury for her. She earns only $80 in week averagely. It can’t be stretched into a living wage. When Aracely and her co-workers asked for time off on Good Friday to attend church, the owner said : â€Å"Does God give you money?If you don’t want to work,just tell me. I will find others. † They look like exactly â€Å"modern slavery†. (Mort. J. (n. d. ). Sweatshop workers speak out. In Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat. ) (Chamberlain. G. (2010) Revealed: Gap,Next and M&S. The guardian. The observer. 8th of August. ) In Conclusion, these reason are enough to explain how many problem fast fashion has. Fast fashion impacts to circumstances and other people who works for fashion industry socially. The fashion industry does not need to be this way. Recently, many companies a re trying to find ways to produce eco-friendly clothes.In addition, shopper called the Green Sumer increases steadily. Although it is to hard that fashion consumers give up to bargain, we also can do a lot by taking more ethical approach. This is a good way to go for fashion industry now and for ever. Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional Ethical Fashion A sample of British designer Mark Liu's ‘zero waste fashion. ‘ /Courtesy of Gyeonggi Museum of Modern Art Presessional Academic English Programme 2010 Unconditional Bibliography http://www. fairfashion. info/de/what. html http://www. ethicalfashionforum. com http://www. jfoundation. org/ Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Pesticides and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page332. html Environmental Justice Foundation. (n. d. ). Water and Cotton. Retrieved from http://www. ejfoundation. org/page334. html Orexca. com. (n. d). The History of the Aral Sea. Retrieved from http:/ /www. orexca. com/aral_sea. shtml Chamberlain. G. (2010) Revealed: Gap,Next and M. The guardian. The observer. 8th of August. Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat. Mort. J. (n. d. ). Sweatshop workers speak out. In Ross. A. (Ed. ). (May,1997). No Sweat.

French Politics and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

French Politics and Institutions - Essay Example In the Toulouse shooting there were four Jews killed outside of a Jewish school, three of those dead being children. Just like in the past incident, the Toulouse shooting sparked riots in France with the society divided between those who supported Bayne and those who condemn him. Therefore, other separate incidents similar to the recent shooting should work as a highlight and a warning sign rather than being treated as a lone incident. Unlike in North America where issues affecting the Jewish community there are low birth rates, intermarriages and assimilation, in French Europe, anti-Semitism is a social phenomenon rather than just a lone incident1. The strong outspoken French public take on the two incidents has worked in highlighting the similarity between both incidents. The society seems, just like in the first incident, to be very active in taking sides - either on the side of the victims or on the side of the perpetrators. The underlying crimes are based on hate. However, there have been recent twists to this anti-Semitism in that political and economic spheres have been introduced into the debate but the fact remains that anti-Semitism just like in those periods of 1890s still is strong if not getting even stronger in France. Even scholars have been thrown into different conclusions about the recent incident in line with the Dreyfus Affair in that some like Neocon John Podhoretz are declaring an alert that â€Å"Jews are being hunted.† Though an overtone, it seeks to highlight that the recent event cannot be looked at in isolation to the 1894 anti-Semitic affair because of the similarity between them. On the contrary Leon Weiseltier termed his article â€Å"Hitler is dead.† In essence, the writer is telling the Jews in the Diaspora that they should not panic. These two authors could be taken to be social representatives in the voicing of how society in France takes up positions when these issues are brought to light in the French public dom ain2. The fact that even those denying the latest shooting incident are referring to the contrast between the two incidents only raises concerns about the similarities between the incidents which are more than 100 years apart. It is therefore not uncommon to find political leaders in search of public support or mere social debate in quest to remain relevant talking about the two events and dragging anti-Semitism into the contemporary political and economic circles. Despite the country’s enormous steps in technology, economy and political spheres, the culture of anti-Semitism has remained deeply enshrined among some parts of the society. The recent shooting does not therefore represent a separate aspect of the French population but a rather serious social phenomenon. It can also be seen as a serious social evil because the shooter in the recent Toulouse shooting definitely was not even born when the Dreyfus affair was happening. Examination of the Ability of France to Divide O ver Issues The study has already established that one similarity between the Dreyfus Affair and the recent Toulouse shooting has been the characterization of the French public to divide into two different camps when social phenomena take place. Hence, while others openly support the individuals who perform the anti-Semitic activities such as the ones noted above, others strongly condemn them in equal matters. This has historically been the French scenario. Taking the scene in

SAM 340 UNIT 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SAM 340 UNIT 6 - Essay Example There are sports like indoor and outdoor games. The indoor games don’t require any open place. But to play outdoor games there are certain criteria that we need to consider and have the playground. This forms an integral part. There are games such as football, baseball, tennis that needs the ground which is formed with certain measurements. This can be in regards to the school playground. It can be about the open place that we consider for playing. To make it function successfully we need the open place that can be useful for sporting event. The word stadium is arrived from the Greek term stade and it relates to the site or the place for Olympic style competition. It’s also called forum, live theater. There are tournaments that are arranged in the stadiums and there are spectators who come and watch the play with lots of enthusiasm. The facility management has to provide the spectators with safe and joyful experience. There are various factors that have to be taken care and worked upon. In the olden days the stadiums were constructed by the team owners with the intention to provide facilities to their own team members. Gradually, it couldn’t give them the profit and were not able to provide the amenities that are required. The annoyance of the fans is some of the critical issues that have to be dealt with proper facility. By 1960’s Arena construction came into existence which had modern facilities. They lease it with the team owners .There were intercollegiate competitions that were held. One of the games that has been given importance and has been included in the sporting competition status is the kickboxing. It is various forms of martial arts .It is a Japanese game with traditional styles, that originated in the year 1960’s.American Kickboxing came into existence by 1970’s.It involves punching and kicking .It is liked by most of them. There is no international governing body for this particular

CITI business case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CITI business - Case Study Example Increased competition for capital continues to force banks to innovate (Citibank, 2008). In order to differentiate its e-business products from those of its competitors, Citibank took several measures(Citibank, 2008). First, the bank developed a strategy for its corporate banking division where its target corporate clients included multinational corporations (MNCs), financial institutions, government agencies, local enterprises and SMEs. The bank understood that each of these corporate client categories had unique needs. The bank realized to need to go the extra mile to package its products to meet the unique needs of every customer (Citibank, 2008). Citibank also differentiated itself and its products from those of its competitors through an improved, comprehensive customer service. The customer service includes telephone hotlines, relationship managers who take their time to comprehend the individual customer’s needs and product advisors whose role is to advise customers on the product or products that most suits its needs. Finally, the bank continues to invest heavily in technology in order to promote both the front- and back-end electronic banking systems. Besides, the bank seeks to make itself more accessible to its customers through what is calls its unified platform. The platform uses a teamwork approach that allows the bank to work with every function in the organization of the client (Citibank, 2008). Grow its global reach: As at the time of developing this strategy in 2008, Citibank had operations in 100 countries of the world and employed over 268,000 people. This global presence, the bank believes, puts it in a strong position to meet the global needs of its customers. This being the case, the bank should continue its global expansion drive. Strengthen its brand: The bank believes that it has built a strong brand

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple - Essay Example She tells Him that she is only 14 and is already burdened with responsibilities of her siblings and the household, sexually abused by her father and pregnant twice. Innocent Celie is confused as to why these things are happening to her and asks God the reason, saying that she has â€Å"always been a good girl†. (Walker, 1) The letters written by Celie to God and later to Nettie, her sister, symbolizes her voice. Her initial letters to God were symbolic to her emotions that were very private, and therefore not for everyone’s eyes. It also shows her isolation as she has no one else to talk to. The only love she has in her life is that of her sister Nettie. They both share an unusual bond of very deep love. The story takes a turn for worse when Celie is married off to a much older man, who is a widower with children and has no respect for Celie. He treats her like a slave and uses her like a sex object, while continuing his affair with Shug Avery. Shug was first introduced to Celie through a photograph which is symbolic to her belonging to a very different world, a place where beauty exists and not like Celie’s world which is devoid of beauty. Celie, after marriage has a life much the same as before marriage. Nettie, on the other hand, in order to escape her father leaves home and comes to stay with Celie but later she escapes this place as well in order to escape the advances of Mr.__ (Celie’s husband). The separation of the two sisters further adds to the misery of Celie. Carrie and Kate, sisters of Mr.__ had good relations with Celie. Kate was the one who had made Celie believe that she deserved â€Å"more than this†. (Walker, 21) The climax of this book is the growing affection between the protagonist and her husband’s love interest, Shug Avery. Their mutual affection and closeness (even sexual relationships) helps these two women to overcome their personal problems. Shug is the one who brings Celie to the joys of sexual communion and it is from

The Reflex Arm of Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Reflex Arm of Behavior - Research Paper Example We should thus not treat cats, or animals in general, badly if they happen to do something to hurt us. Most likely, they were only responding to the environment as they sense it, and they did not mean to cause any harm. Why Study Cat Communication? The most important drive for the study of cat communication, particularly those of domesticated cats (Felis catus) is the prevention of untoward incidents between these pets and their owners. Despite their advanced communicating skills relative to other animals, theirs is still primitive as compared to humans. Thus, they are still incapable of giving explicit signals for the message they want to give out. As will be mentioned later, they have similar behavior for two different emotions. Idiosyncrasies of Cats One of the most characteristic traits of domestic cats is its knack for going for long periods without face-to-face encounters with other cats. They may not tolerate long periods of interaction. A moment of showing affection is fine; although cats may feel agitated once they feel they are confined to such for a long time (animal.discovery.com). ... Thus, domestic cats are capable of moving from being fully man-dependent, through commensalism, to total independent existence just within a few generations. One implication of this change within a few generations is that the ancestral, wild side of domestic cats is still retained, as evidenced by the occasional mouse-hunting inside their owners’ homes. The retention of their wild side is also influenced by the fact that most of the time, the home-made foods given to them by their owners are not enough to provide for the nutrition they need as obligate carnivores, such as arachidonic acid, niacin and taurine. They need to retain their hunting abilities to provide for the other nutrients that the food man provides lack (Bradshaw et al., 1999). What is interesting about cats, the owned ones especially, is that they are not really particular with the breed of their mates. Except for the purely domesticated, totally human-dependent Persian and Siamese cats, populations of domestic cats are free to interbreed with one another. However, the isolation of these pure breeds may have been artificially induced. In cases in which a Persian or Siamese cats mate with other cats, the pure breed genes that have penetrated the general pet population do not stay for long, because the phenotype of the interbred progeny, particularly their shortened jaws and long coats, is not ideal for a free-ranging lifestyle (Bradshaw et al., 1999). Fear and Aggression Despite being seemingly different, fear and aggression illicit a similar response of showing superiority over the object of fear or aggression. That is why both behaviors are the ones most difficult to

Business Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Ethics - Assignment Example Moral rights can be defined as right of any creative artist or author to protect ownership or integrity of their respective work. It was introduced by the Copyright Act in the year 1968 and deals with protection of work given to its creators. Human right on the other hand is a right that belongs to every individual. These are norms or moral principles that describe specific human behavior standards and are protected on a continuous basis as legal rights in international and national law (O’Sullivan, Smith & Esposito, 2012). All these four factors are inter-related and aim towards the same goal. A right, legal right, moral right and human right are based on the concept of ethics. This is the factor which binds all the four elements. All the four aspects guides human behavior and is a framework of morals and values. It can also be stated that ethics within an individual is formed on the basis of these elements. A right can be stated as an entitlement that is treated in a particular way. There are certain characteristics that define moral rights such as it is natural, equal and inalienable. It possesses the characteristics of being natural as it is discovered and not created by an individual. This is often regarded as moral realism. Moral rights can also be stated as equal and this factor differentiates this right from the rest. Equality in this right refers to no such discrimination being done at the time of distribution of this right amongst individuals. The other characteristic that defines moral rights is the factor of inalienable. This factor states that moral rights cannot be taken away from an individual without his or her consent. However these moral rights can be voluntarily surrendered by an individual. These characteristics states that in order to define a moral right it is important that possession criterion are analyzed well by an individual. The criteria should be relevant and aligned with the moral

Principles of Care in Care Setting That Ensure Client Empowerment Assignment

Principles of Care in Care Setting That Ensure Client Empowerment - Assignment Example The paper will also dwell on the need of safeguarding client confidentiality and existing legislation that protects the sharing of such information to non-authorised persons. Another principle of care that will be discussed is the need to enable the client make informed choices and respect the human dignity of the client while offering personalised care attention. The paper will also focus on the ways in which different cultural beliefs and preferences of the clients may affect care delivery and suggest measures that care workers can implement in order to avoid cultural prejudices and stereotypes during care delivery. Client empowerments entails a process of change that enables people gain more information about themselves and take more control of their lives through identifying and working with others for the change. Empowerment is an interactive process that enables people experience personal and social change that facilitates people to influence the institutions and environments i n which they live. Ideally, client empowerment in care setting can be termed as a developmental process that entails the four stages of entry, advancement, incorporation and commitment. The entry stage in client empowerment is motivated events that affect an individual, immediate family or certain aspects that foster empowerment such as supportive peer relationships, mentoring and social or political relations. However, empowerment in a care setting can be initiated through orientation or counsel through helping individuals who seem powerless in the society by enabling them to understand the power dynamics at work, develop critical skills and capabilities to exercise control of their lives without interfering with the rights of others in the society.

Cyber Security and Startups Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cyber Security and Startups - Case Study Example A small company can protect itself from DDoS attacks by registering for website hosting services with giant organizations like Amazon and Google that can hold bulky flows of attack transfer. Another way to protect against DDoS attacks can be through subscribing for mitigation services that monitor the flow of data from servers and other data sources (Perlroth & Wortham, 2014). These strategies enable smaller companies to block the viruses that block the smooth scream of information or access to important resources. Small tech start-ups have become frequent targets of the attacks because they possess valuable data that the DDoS attack can hurt (Perlroth & Wortham, 2014). New companies attract numerous users who visit their websites for information concerning the firm. They do not also install security measures to protect against such attacks, which make them vulnerable to pay the ransom demanded. It is apparent that the attackers target new establishments that do not have the experience of dealing with modern elements of cyber attacks. The post clearly illustrates the meaning of DDoS attack and the various ways of avoiding such challenges. However, the writer does not give a detailed analysis of the attack and how small companies are the prime targets. This causes confusion, especially regarding the ransom charges since the post indicates two conflicting charges of $20 and $2000. The charges posted here reflect the ones that future DDoS attackers might demand and not the current

Early Childhood Education and Children Essay Example for Free

Early Childhood Education and Children Essay Are there any benefits for children stay one of parent with them at home? Mothers who stay at home are helpful for their family. Many mothers prefer to give their children to their mothers, but if there is not grandmother to care child, that will be problem especially if the child is still baby or infant. Mothers are compelled to find a place to put their child there. Many kinds of places that may mothers join their child to stay there and to have education, such as to educational settings which consist of early child education, pre-school, nursery school, and pre-kindergarten. Also, there are many places to get care and education for children nanny, governess, babysitting, au pair, and extended family, for example. In fact, mother’s decision; that choosing stay with her children at home or going to work and joining her children in convenient place, is important critical for her. A mother who stays at house are more probable to have time to be involved with their children. Those mothers who stay home is able to become more completely involved their children activities. For example, mother will give carful and interest for her children. Moreover, many people mention to needs childhood such as feeding, sustenance, and nurturing. Most women have been housewife to be breadwinners, and to be caretakers. â€Å"Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States. Approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers† (Lynn, 2002). Indeed, many societies have been assumed that women will stay home and take care of their children while their spouses go out and work. In addition, woman pregnancy suffers to go out and doing hard work many hours without rest times, but when she stay home will get time to have rest and lying. Many mothers work to be ready for unexpected situations like a husbands unemployment, husband’s death, a divorce, or sickness. In fact, nobody wants to be working more than eight hours a day and missing his or her family life. In encouragement of mothers who want to work, Dr. Phil says that many mothers optimism to be a parent and pursue an occupation and they often become miserable when they are stuck just in a parenting capacity. If the child is mothered by a parent who is feeling frustrated and depressed and empty, that is not a good thing, he says. Even though some parents are now separated, father continues in the role of primary caregiver to his children, while mother continue to support her family. A man is not hard to give up the traditional role as breadwinner. However, A woman can be more responsibility to earn money and take care for her family. A lot of women have been socialized to be service workers for their societies, not solely to be housewife. Some time a man feels difficult to abdicate some things like giving up self-worth, feelings of masculinity and personal power. It can be tough on men, especially in the beginning. In conclusion, its these deeper issues. Making the decision to stay home with your children or join the workforce can be a difficult process. It appears approximating employed moms just cant success. Every woman has dream to be effective in her society and earn money, but she will face challenges with her care children. Sources 1. Dr. Phil: http://drphil. com/articles/article/284 2. Olson, Lynn (2002). [According to the 2002 Quality Counts survey conducted by Education Week, approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers. Starting Early]. Education Week 21 (17): 10–11. Retrieved 24 November 2012.

Structures of Bacterial Tyrosinases

Structures of Bacterial Tyrosinases Tyrosinases oxidise phenolic hydroxyl groups of small molecules or large polymeric substrates such as proteins. Tyrosinases catalyse first the ortho-hydroxylation of the phenolic substrate and second its subsequent oxidation to quinone (Figure 1) with the concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. The reaction is chromogenic as the quinones produced can undergo further non-enzymatic polymerisation to form black eu-melanins and, when reacting with thiol groups, brownish pheo-melanins [14]. This process can be inhibited by antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, for example to prevent the browning reaction in food preparations [15]. Tyrosinase activity is generally measured by either determining the consumption of oxygen during the reaction or spectrophotometrically by following the increase of absorbance at 475 nm due to dopachrome formation. The cross-linking activity of tyrosinase on proteins is usually analysed by SDS PAGE, size-exclusion chromatography, UV spectroscopy or mass spectrom etry [16]. The active site of tyrosinases interacts with both the phenolic substrates and the co-substrate oxygen and it alternates among three different oxidation states. When in the oxy state, tyrosinase binds oxygen and is able to catalyse the hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols, thus changing into the met form. The met form of tyrosinase is responsible for the oxidation of diphenols to quinones and the reaction turns the enzyme into the deoxy form that, upon binding molecular oxygen, returns to the oxy form. The met form is the resting state of the enzyme and it has been calculated that up to 85% of the enzyme is in this state when in solution [17, 18]. The inability of most of the enzymes in an enzyme population to act on monophenols explains why a significant lag phase is detected in the activity when monophenols are the substrate of the reaction. Bacterial tyrosinases have been divided in five types according to the organisation of domains and the possible requirement of a caddie protein for enzyme activity [12]. The necessity of a secondary helper protein (caddie protein) for secretion, correct folding, assembly of the copper atoms and activity of the enzyme is common to tyrosinases of type I, e.g. the enzyme from S. castaneoglobisporus and S. antibioticus [19, 20]. Type II tyrosinases are small, monomeric enzymes containing only the catalytic domain, which do not require additional helper proteins and are possibly secreted. An example is the tyrosinase from B. megaterium [6]. Type III tyrosinases are represented by the enzyme from Verrucomicrobium spinosum. Like the fungal tyrosinases it carries a C-terminal domain whose removal led to about 100-fold higher activity [21]. This supports the theory that the role of the C-terminal extension in plant and fungal tyrosinases is to keep the enzyme in an inactive form inside the ce ll [22-24]. Among the smallest bacterial tyrosinases reported (Type IV) are the ones produced by Streptomyces nigrifaciens (18 kDa) and Bacillus thuringiensis (14 kDa) [25, 26]. However, it is debated whether these proteins are true tyrosinases [12]. Type V tyrosinases include enzymes that do not carry the sequence features of tyrosinases but show features typical of laccase and have only marginal activity on tyrosine. For example, a membrane-bound tyrosinase active on the typical laccase substrate ABTS (NCBI ID: AAF75831.2) has been isolated from Marinomonas mediterranea. A tyrosinase with a classical substrate specificity that is activated by SDS (NCBI ID: AAV49996.1) has also been reported from the same organism [27]. Similar to catechol oxidases and the oxygen carrying haemocyanins, tyrosinases are type-3 copper proteins, containing two copper atoms in the active site. The absorbance spectrum of oxy-tyrosinases has a characteristic maximum in the UV region (330-345 nm). As reported for the structurally similar catechol oxidases, a fluorescence intensity maximum at 330 nm upon excitation at 280 nm is also detected [28, 29]. Copper is essential for the catalytic activity of tyrosinases. The crystal structure of these enzymes has demonstrated the presence of two copper ions in the catalytic core (Table 1). In all tyrosinases of different origins and in the haemocyanins each of the copper ions is coordinated by three histidine residues that are found in a characteristic pattern in the primary structure (Figure 2). In the tyrosinase from Streptomyces glaucescens, for example, the key role of histidines at position 37, 53, 62, 189, 193 and 215 in the coordination of copper, and thus in catalytic activi ty, was confirmed by the decrease of activity upon their substitution with other amino acids [30, 31]. Various additional residues have been identified to have a function in fungal and bacterial tyrosinases, either being essential for or modulating tyrosinase activity. Sequence analysis and various mutagenesis studies have been performed in order to identify the residues necessary for the activity of the enzyme. In tyrosinase sequences from plants and fungi, the N-terminal signal peptide, when present, is followed by a conserved arginine residue that marks the beginning of the central catalytic domain and that forms a pi-cation interaction with a conserved C-terminal Y/FXY tyrosine motif, where X is any amino acid [32]. These residues are conserved also in bacterial tyrosinases (Supplementary file 1). Substitution of the N-terminal conserved arginine (R40) has been reported to abolish the production of tyrosinase from V. spinosum [21]. Two single-amino acid substitutions have been reported to improve the catalytic activity of the tyrosinase from Rhizobium etli CFN42. The independent r eplacement of proline at position 334 and of aspartic acid at position 535 (Supplementary file 1) with a smaller residue such as serine (P334S) or glycine (D535G), respectively, led to a significant enhancement of the catalytic activity and melanin formation [33-35]. In the tyrosinase from B. megaterium, a single substitution of arginine by histidine within the copper B binding region (R209H) has been sufficient for a 1.7-fold improvement of the activity towards tyrosine (monophenolase) and for a 1.5-fold reduction of activity on L-DOPA (diphenolase), whereby the overall protein stability was not affected [36]. The crystal structure of the tyrosinase from B. megaterium showed that this arginine is positioned at the entrance of the active site in a flexible position and plays a role in the docking of the substrate [6]. However, the conservative substitution of the corresponding residue asparagine 190 to glutamine (N190Q) in S. glaucescens tyrosinase abolished the catalytic activity, indicating that this residue was possibly involved in hydrogen bonding at the active site [30]. Moreover, the conservative substitution of the residue aspartic acid 209 (D209E) has been reported to stabilise the oxy-form of the same enzyme [37]. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the role of the oxygen binding motif PYWDW [38] with regards to the affinity for oxygen in tyrosinase. The affinity for the co-substrate oxygen has been evaluated for the tyrosinase from Streptomyces antibioticus that carries the PYWDW motif. It was found that this enzyme had a three-fold lower dissociation constant (kD) for oxygen than the A. bisporus tyrosinase [39, 40] that carries a PFWDW motif, i.e. 16.5 ÃŽ ¼M compared to 46.6 ÃŽ ¼M. The analysis of the characterised bacterial tyrosinases evidenced the presence of functionally active variants of this motif (Supplementary file 1 and 2), e.g. PYWNY in the tyrosinase from M. mediterranea, PFWDW in tyrosinase from R. etli, PYWEW in the tyrosinase from B. megaterium, PYWRF and PYWNW in the tyrosinases from Ralstonia solanacearum. Mutational studies have also addressed the interaction of tyrosinases from streptomycetes and their caddie protein. In S. antibioticus, the two histidine residues at positions 102 and 117 of the caddie protein MelC1 have been found to be crucial for the biosynthesis of active tyrosinase [41]. The available crystal structures of bacterial tyrosinases and their mutant forms have been obtained from Gram-positive S. castaneoglobisporus and B. megaterium (Table 1). While the B. megaterium tyrosinase formed crystals containing only the enzyme, the S. castaneoglobisporus tyrosinase required the presence of a second protein, referred to as caddie protein, to stabilise its structure [4]. Moreover, the structure of the Streptomyces tyrosinase has been solved in different states of oxidation. Aiming at understanding the interaction between tyrosinase and caddie protein, tyrosinase has been crystallised in the presence of mutant forms of the caddie protein (Table 1). Likewise, the fungal tyrosinase from A. bisporus was crystallised as a tetramer in a complex with a second protein, a lectin-like protein [7]. Both intracellular and secreted bacterial tyrosinases have been isolated and characterised. For example, the tyrosinases from Streptomyces nigrifaciens, Bacillus thuringiensis, M. mediterranea, R. solanacearum and Thermomicrobium roseum were isolated from cell biomass and the ones from S. antibioticus, S. glaucescens, S. castaneoglobisporus, Streptomyces albus, B. megaterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Aeromonas media, R. etli and V. spinosum were either isolated from the culture medium or predicted to be secreted [19, 21, 25, 26,42-51]. The twin-arginine signal peptide is often found in cofactor-binding oxidoreductases that undergo complete folding in the cytoplasm prior to secretion to the periplasmic or extracellular space. Twin-arginine type signal peptides [52] could be identified in the N-terminal region of tyrosinases from R. solanacearum (34-amino acid long) and V. spinosum (33-amino acid long). A more detailed analysis of the sequence retrieved for the tyrosinase from R. etli a nd the alignment with the other sequences of tyrosinases (Supplementary File 1) suggests the possibility of incorrect open reading frame prediction. The true N-terminal methionine may be M112 (underlined in Supplementary file 1) as it aligns with the initial residue of the tyrosinase from R. solanacearum (number 15 in Supplementary file 1) and is followed by a predicted twin-arginine signal peptide of 31 amino acids [51]. Thus, we suggest that these proteins purified from the cell biomass but carrying a signal peptide for secretion are localised in the periplasm. Tyrosinases, also from bacteria, and their caddie proteins generally lack conserved cysteine residues (for comments see [11, 12]). The paucity of cysteine residues, and thus disulphide bonds, allowed, however, the isolation of tyrosinases with significant thermal stability, e.g. the enzyme from B. megaterium had an optimum temperature of 50Â °C [48]. A single cysteine residue is conserved in proximity of the second histidine residue of the copper A binding motif in the characterised tyrosinases from M. mediterranea, R. solanacearum, S. meliloti, R. etli and V. spinosum (Supplementary file 1). A cysteine residue at this position has been found to be covalently bound to a histidine residue two positions forward in, for example, the fungal tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa [53], the plant catechol oxidase from I. batata [8] and haemocyanins from the snail Helix pomatia [54]. The function of this unusual cysteine-histidine bond is not established, but it could confer structural rigidity to the copper-binding region and affect the redox potential [8]. Replacement of this cysteine residue (C84) with serine abolished the production of the tyrosinase from V. spinosum [21]. Type-3 copper proteins carrying six conserved cysteines (forming three in silico predicted disulphide bonds) and characterised by significant thermal stability have been reported in fungi [26]. No mutagenesis study has addressed a possible improvement of the thermal stability of bacterial tyrosinases by introducing disulphide bonds. However, in silico analysis revealed the possible presence of one disulphide bond in the tyrosinases from R. solanacearum and S. meliloti and two in the enzymes from M. mediterranea and R. etli (Dianna software, http://clavius.bc.edu/~clotelab/DiANNA). The tyrosinase from S. castaneoglobisporus and the one from B. megaterium share approximately 30% sequence similarity with a catechol oxidase from Aspergillus oryzae that showed a melting temperature above 70Â °C and a ha lf-life of 20 hours when incubated at 50Â °C [29]. It should be noted that the tyrosinase from A. media exhibits different sequence features when compared to the other enzymes. The sequence alignment with bacterial tyrosinases shows that none of the typical signature motifs (copper A and B regions, oxygen binding motif and tyrosine motif) are present (see Supplementary file 1). Moreover, this enzyme has a predicted 23-amino acid long signal peptide [50] and shows strong sequence similarity to bacterial periplasmic proteins that are responsible for the uptake of peptides and involved in nutrition and sensing of the environment [55].

The Basic Energy Sources For Electric Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

The Basic Energy Sources For Electric Energy Environmental Sciences Essay What are the basic energy sources for electric energy? Electricity is a converted energy. So its being the basic energy source for simple motor to the complex computer system. In this aspect it runs our life with efficiency and conveniently. There for it is important to aware where does it come from and how does it create. The electric energy can be generated in various ways but basically there are five different sources for electric energy. We can categorize it like as following. Hydroelectric energy In hydroelectric energy generation that electricity is generate by using water.This is a method to generate electricity from a renewable source, and generates very little pollution. Here a dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Because the water running through tunnels in the dam to the turbines and thus drive generators. The dam is much thicker at the bottom than the top, the pressure of the water increases with depth. Gravitational potential energy stored in the water above the dam. Due to the large amount of water, it will forward to the work under high pressure, which means we can much energy from it. The water then flows away along the river as usual. The first hydroelectric plant in history began producing electricity in 1882. It is located in the state of Wisconsin, the Fox River and is used for the generation of electricity. Hydropower in many countries throughout the world and in Sri Lanka, including Brazil, Canada, Russia, Tanzania, Iceland, North Korea and New Zealand. It seems to be a popular option in almost every area, whether political or economic differences. It has a number of advantages in relation to other electrical sources. Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free No waste or pollution produced. Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power. Electricity can be generated constantly. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations. But at the same time it has few disadvantages as the dams are very expensive to build. On the other hand building a large dam will flood very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there. Also hydroelectricity cannot fulfill todays large require consumption in world. Electricity from Coal Coal power is another major resource of electric energy which has been using many parts of the world. Coal is the solid end-product of millions of years of decomposition of organic materials. In truth, coal is stored solar energy. Plants capture the energy from sunlight through photosynthesis, which directly converts solar energy to plant matter. Animals that then eat the plants to convert that energy again, storing it in their own bodies. Over millions of years, accumulated plant and animal matter is covered by sediment and stored within the earths crust, gradually being transformed into hard black solids by the sheer weight of the earths surface. Coal, like other fossil fuel supplies, takes millions of years to create, but releases its stored energy within only a few moments when burned to generate electricity. Because coal is a finite resource, and cannot be replenished once it is extracted and burned, it cannot be considered a renewable resource. Electricity from Wind Weve used the wind as an energy source for a long time. The Babylonians and Chinese were using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that. Wind is a renewable resource because it is inexhaustible. The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others. These warm patches of air raise, other air blows in to replace them and we feel a wind blowing. We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top. The wind blows the propeller round, which turns a generator to produce electricity. When it comes to cost the current costs of wind-generated electricity at prime sites approach the costs of a new coal-fired power plant. Wind power is the lowest-cost renewable energy technology available on the market today. According to the researches, the costs of wind power are projected to continue to fall and may rank the cheapest electricity source of all options by 2020. Wind power also has both advantages and disadvantages. It produces no air pollution. They use no water, and there is no need to tear up the land to extract the wind resource that produces wind power. Nonetheless, there may be environmental problems associated with some wind plants. It generates three categories of environmental impacts: visual impacts; noise pollution; wildlife impacts. These impacts can vary immensely from site to site. Solar Electricity Solar electricity is created by using Photovoltaic (PV) technology by converting solar energy into solar electricity from sunlight. Photovoltaic systems use sunlight to power ordinary electrical equipment, for example, household appliances, computers and lighting. The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy the most abundant energy source on the planet directly into solar power. Note that this is not the familiar passive or solar electricity thermal technology used for space heating and hot water production. A PV cell consists of two or more thin layers of semiconducting material, most commonly silicon. When the silicon is posed to light, electrical charges are generated and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as direct current (DC). The electrical output from a single cell is small, so multiple cells are connected together and encapsulated (usually behind glass) to form a module (sometimes referred to as a panel). The PV module is the principle building block of a PV system and any number of modules can be connected together to give the desired electrical output. PV equipment has no moving parts and as a result requires minimal maintenance. It generates solar electricity without producing emissions of greenhouse or any other gases, and its operation is virtually silent. Sri Lanka lies between 6 and 10 degrees north of the Equator and as such will have limited seasonal variation. However, variations in cloud cover have a significant impact on output from PV. Apart from these basic methods, electricity can be generated via tidal power, wave power, geothermal power and biogas etc. But those energy sources are either in experimental stage or have been used in small scaled projects wise. Electricity from Nuclear power Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity. Nuclear power plants are very clean and efficient to operate. However, nuclear power plants have some major environmental risks. Nuclear power plants produce radioactive gases. These gases are to be contained in the operation of the plant. If these gases are released into the air, major health risks can occur. Nuclear plants use uranium as a fuel to produce power. The mining and handling of uranium isvery risky and radiation leaks can occur. The third concern of nuclear power is the permanent storage of spent radioactive fuel. This fuel is toxic for centuries, handling and disposal is an ongoing environmental issue. Nuclear plants are very expensive. And also it would be dangerous for small countries like us. Because the heat from the uncontrolled reaction can melt everything it comes into contact with. Catastrophic accid ents could injure or kill thousands of people. For create nuclear plant need huge land are without living creatures (people, animals etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). We need like deserts. So we hard to going to nuclear power.

Mars Research :: Papers

Mars Research Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun and the most Earth-like planet in our solar system. It is about half the size of Earth and has a dry, rocky surface and a very thin atmosphere. Mars' Surface ------------- The surface of mars is dry, rocky, and mostly covered with iron-rich dust. There are low-lying plains in the northern hemisphere, but the southern hemisphere is dotted with impact craters. The ground is frozen; this permafrost extends for several Kilometres. The north and south poles of Mars are covered by ice caps composed of frozen water and carbon dioxide. Scientists have long thought that there is no liquid water on the surface of Mars now, but recent photos Mars indicate that there might be some liquid water near the surface. The surface of Mars shows much evidence of the effects of ancient waterways upon the landscape, there are ancient, dry rivers and lakes complete with huge inflow and outflow channels. These channels were probably caused by catastrophic flooding that quickly eroded the landscape. Scientists think that most of the water on Mars is frozen in the land (as permafrost) and frozen in the polar ice caps. Size: Mars is about 4,222 miles (6790 Km) in diameter. This is 53% (a little over half) of the diameter of the Earth. Mass and Gravity: Mars' mass is about 6.42 x 10.23 Kg. This is 1/9th of the mass of the Earth. A 100-pound person would weigh 38 pounds. Length Of A Day And Year On Mars: --------------------------------- Each day on Mars takes 1.03 Earth days (24.6 hours). A year on mars takes 687 Earth days; it takes this long for Mars to orbit the sun once. Mars' Orbit: Mars is 1.524 times farther from than the sun than the Earth is. It averages 141.6 million miles (227.9 million Km) from the sun. Its orbit is very elliptical; Mars has the highest orbital eccentricity of any planet in our Solar System except Pluto.

Martin Luther :: History

Martin Luther When studying the facets of Western Civilization, a few recurring questions must be analyzed. Will those in power abuse it? Unfortunately, yes. Does freedom spawn intellectual, technological and social progress? For the most part, yes. Was Martin Luther, in historical terms, a â€Å"bad ass?† Carter Lindberg states in his book The European Reformations, â€Å"An initial move to control the complicated and multifaceted reality of the Reformation is to define the terms used for it and the era it covers.† In order to secure Luther in the annuals of history as a â€Å"bad ass†, one must not only clarify the characteristics of that title, but also view his accomplishments in a 21st Century frame of reference. First, it should be determined which historical figures might fall into the category of being labeled a â€Å"bad ass.† At this point, the common characteristics of a historical â€Å"bad ass† will become evident. Second, after determining these cha racteristics, they then must be applied to Luther and the result will be forthcoming. Possible historical â€Å"bad asses† (chronologically): Hammurabi, Socrates, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Marc Antony, Julius Caesar, Jesus Christ, Augustus Casear, Muhammad, William the Conqueror, Genghis Kahn, Leonardo da Vinci, Magellan, Louis XIV, Thomas Jefferson, Và ¢clav Havel, Roberto Baggio and Bill Clinton. Just looking at this shortlist, it’s noticeable that most of these men were in a position of power. Except for Socrates, Jesus, Leonardo, Magellan and Baggio, these individuals were in a position of direct political or military authority and in some cases both. Let’s take a more detailed look at Alexander, Hannibal, Jesus, Muhammad and Magellan. Alexander the Great- Son of King Phillip of Macedonia. He was tutored by Aristotle and despite his classical education became one of the greatest military geniuses ever. At the time of this death, Alexander commanded an empire that stretched from the Mediterranean basin to Persia. Glenn Blackburn, author of Western Civilization: A Concise History Vol. 1, gives this description of Alexander. â€Å"Some historians believe that he was simply a great military leader who knew well how to fight and conquer. Others see Alexander as what he claimed to be, an apostle of Greek culture who used Greek language and institutions to unify a cosmopolitan empire† (p.82). Alexander’s greatness was even acknowledged in the motion picture Die Hard. The films antagonist, Hans Gruber remarks, â€Å"And when Alexander saw the breadth of his domain, he wept.

John Muir :: essays research papers

The story takes place at Yosemite National Park from 1838-1914. John Muir was a botanist, geologist, and writer. He had overcome earthquakes, glaciers, and he climbs mountains. John Muir had impressed by overcoming all the dangers like animals. He was an expert on wilderness. He knows survival skills to stay alive. He studies nature and he writes about nature. He made a national park system as well as the Sierra Club. He knew that the Native Americans called the place "Pohono," or spirit of the puffing wind. At first he called it a "dainty little fall...only about fifteen or twenty feet high." John laughed after discovering that Bridalveil Fall drops 620 feet. He writes all kinds of quotes about nature, for example: "I am captive, I am bound. Love of pure unblemished Nature seems to overmaster and blur out of sight all other objects and considerations." John works in his "scribble den." John had two brothers and five sisters and their names are: Margaret, Sarah, David, Dan, Mary, Annie, and Joanna. For several years, he had toyed with writing up his findings for publication. Jeanne Carr was the one that encouraged him. She even suggested titles and copied his notes. John decided to send an article to the New York Tribune. To his surprise, the newspaper published "Yosemite Glaciers" on December 5, 1871, and paid him $200, that was a lot of money back then. On New Year’s Day in 1872, the same newspaper printed "Yosemite in Winter." John thought that he might be able to earn his living by writing, what he called "pen work." He stayed in his cabin for the winter and wrote it.

Extraction of Trimyristin

Trimyristin is an ester with the chemical formula C45H86O6 that can be isolated from the common spice nutmeg. The seed of the evergreen trees in the genus Myristica Fragrans is what nutmeg is obtained from. Trimyristin is the triglyceride of myristic acid also known as saturated fat (3). The phase of trimyristin is solid and is only found soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, ether, benzene, and ethanol (1). Only twenty to twenty-five percent of trimyristin makes up the mass of nutmeg and it is formed from the glycerol and saturated carboxylic acid (2).Like most extractions, isolating trimyristin is complex considering a variety of products are extracted in the solvent. * Method: * Extraction of Trimyristin: First the sand bath was set to about 40o C. In the meantime 1. 00g of ground nutmeg was weighed out and transferred to a 25mL round bottom flask. Then 10 mL of methylene chloride and 2 boiling chips were added to the round bottom flask. The round bottom flask was then connected to an air condenser and lowered onto the sand bath.The solution was allowed to boil gently for 30 minutes until it was removed and set aside to cool. After it cooled the nutmeg residue was filtered from the methylene chloride using a Hirsch funnel containing a methylene chloride moistened filter paper. A minimal amount of methylene chloride was then used to wash any excess residue out of the round bottom flask and into the filter. The filtrate was then transferred into a clean, dry, and tarred Erlenmeyer flask.The Erlenmeyer flask was then placed on a hot plate set between 50oC to 100oC inside the fume hood until the solvent evaporated into a yellowish oily solid. The solid that remained was then weighed. * Recrystallization of Trimyristin: Acetone was added in 1mL portions to the Erlenmeyer flask that contained the solid. During the same time, the flask was warmed on a sand bath in order to dissolve the solid. Then it was allowed to slowly cool to room temperature and placed into an ice bath for 10 minutes.The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration and were allowed to dry. * Analysis: After the crystals were dry the solid was weighed and then the melting point was determined using a Melt-Temp machine. * Results: Lab Components| Mass (g)| Volume (mL)| Nutmeg| 1. 00g| –| Flask and Testube| 83. 47g| –| Flask, Testube, and Filtrate (initial)| 90. 54g| –| Filtrate (initial)| 7. 07g| –| Erlenmeyer Flask| 74. 14g| –| Erlenmeyer flask and Filtrate (final)| 74. 41g| –|Filtrate (final)| 0. 26g| –| Acetone| –| 1. 00mL| * These results show all the measurements that were taken from everything used in order to determine the analysis of the trimyristin extracted which is shown below. * Analysis: Weight of Trimyristin| 0. 1g| Melting Point of Trimyristin| 53. 2oC – 54. 3oC| % of Trimyristin extracted| 10%| * Conclusion: During this experiment methods of vacuum filtration and recrystallization were used to extract trimyristin from the spice nutmeg.When trimyristin was successfully extracted there was a low percentage (10%) of the amount extracted but it had a melting point that was almost exact to the actual melting point of trimyristin which is 53oC-54oC. The experiment was performed successfully for the most part, disregarding a few minor mistakes made in the procedure. These mistakes didn’t interfere with the outcome of the experiment but could have improved the performance of it. For instance, it took a long time for the solvent to evaporate because the hot plate was set at too low of a temperature.

Judicial Method: Activism vs Formalism

Judicial rule activism versus affectation A new term has emerged from the societal and wakeless changes that have occurred in Australia. The age of Judicial activism has taken everywhere the much than traditional method of discriminatory formalism. Supporters of the latters pushs that it professionalmotes power without responsibility, and blurs the legal separation of powers, however the supporters of the former agree that inevitable changes in society force the bench to acknowledge that juridic formalism is a method that is not completely obsolete, merely takes is less of a primary concern as it were, comp atomic number 18d to some other factors that effect a case.Those who atomic number 18 in favour of discriminatory activism argue that well-disposed change has change magnitude the compulsion for legal change and adjudicate need to be able to sterilise closes considering external factors and using processes other than the rectitude that make discriminative method more subjective, adhering to legislation and legal policy unless giving more signifi johnt identification to situational factors. The Honourable Michael Kirbys pro-activism word centers close to the view that judicial method moldiness divert from the traditional method of legalism that arbiter Kirby defines as strict system of system of logic and blue technique.It starts by outlining the need for the judicial system to make this transition into judicial activism collect to societal changes, where strict legalism is put chthonic air pressure. justness Kirby then goes on to let off that the method of judicial activism should not be ab aimd by the evaluators, where it should be anchored in legal authority and be neither wholly mechanical or in any case creative. He describes that simpleness be employ when using judicial activism to image that a total ignorance of the written integrity does not occur .A alike(p) clause about pro-activism by Michael Coper agrees that the phenomenon of social change. has accelerated the rate of legal change and put a pressure on concepts like strict logic and high technique , thus bread and butter the viewpoint that judicial activism is a reply to social change. Another article by Frank Carrigan praises legal expert Kirbys riding habit of judicial activism directly, outlining this by comparing justice Kirbys methods with Gava, a strong truster in the Dixonian theory of legalism.It explains that even caput jurist Dixon J, considered to be a attractor in the legal formalism movement, utilize contradictory methods of appreciation, promoting legalism but applying judicial activism . This is manifest that change to judicial activism is inevitable as societal changes occur. Pertaining to the other articles, however, there argon some shortfalls in Justice Kirbys article that essential be addressed. Firstly, the article does outline that certain restraint must be used when applying judicial activ ism in the process for a feeling.However, exactly how this restraint will be measured, or the factors to be considered in which a judges judicial method is considered to cross these boundaries are not mentioned in his article. He also fails to describe the consequences of the divergence of judicial formalism, that a failure of the independent judges to nourishment external factors other than the legal textual matter as unbiased dynamics quite a than personal ones would endpoint in a cataclysmic failure to achieve justice. A loss in consistency would lead in a loss in public corporate trust in the judicial system.Also, Justice Kirbys proposal of a more transparent judgment, where the judicial method and processes used to achieve a judgment is open to the general public for critique, whitethorn be a technique in which to make sure that a judge does not overstep the restraints, but by openly presenting the judicial method and decision process of a controversial judgment for cr itique to a society that is already critical of the judicial system may backfire and result in a further loss of public confidence instead of building credibility.Contrasting against Justice Kirbys heavily biased pro-activism article, is Justice Heydons article that describes the absolute need for attachnce and paramount importance to the impartial coat of the legal text. Justice Heydons article clearly outlines what Justice Kirbys article does not, the downfalls of having a judiciary use judicial activism. Justice Heydon points out that by allowing judges to use judicial activism, it tends to the remnant of the rule of law by impairing deuce qualities that are expected of a judge, a firm grip on the applicable law andtotal probity. The article continues to differentiate that there is a blurring of the separation of powers, and this becomes a problem as the facility for a legislature to make laws compared to that of a judge results in concerns about the clarity, inconsistency, d ecisiveness and retrospectivity of the laws that are changed or made by the judiciary. Justice Heydon proposes that it is not primarily the function of the judiciary to create and change laws, that it should be a limited amount, limited to the legislature, and that the failure to adhere to judicial formalism or legalism would result in failures in various areas of the application of law . hindquarters Gavas article adds to the need for strict legalism, by indicating that valet error in judges can create issues in consistency, and that with a call forth of mind the is of legalism, a more institutional mindset can be achieved that relies more on a collective intelligence which create decision that conform, rather than those that are more individualized when judicial activism is employ .Owen Dixons article further outlines a deeper issue at hand with the desertion of judicial formalism, the loss of the ability to gain legal principle. It states that there was a seek to develop t he law as a science which would not be doable by neglecting the very strict logic and high technique that is constantly used to describe legalism . As with any legalistic figure of speech or state of mind, it is inherent that there will be a pro to a con, an advantage to a disadvantage. agree to these articles it is clear that the more common emersion of activism is due mainly to societal change, and the resurrection of formalism has occurred due to concern for the drawbacks that takes place with activism, and justifiedly so. The former tether pro-activism articles and the latter three pro-legalism/formalism articles compliment each other in revealing the advantages and flaws of both judicial methods.After the analyses of these articles, it is apparent that an appropriate balance between the two judicial methods be maintained, always changing, according to the change in Australias society. Bibliography Justice j D Heydon, Judicial activism and the death of the rule of law, (20 03), 23 Aust Bar Rev 110 John Gava, ANOTHER BLAST FROM THE PAST OR WHY THE LEFT SHOULD EMBRACE severe LEGALISM A REPLY TO FRANK CARRIGAN, (2003) 27 Melb U. L. Rev. 188 The Right Honourable Sir Owen Dixon, G. C. M. G, Concerning Judicial Method, (1956) 29 The Australian Law Journal 469

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.

Anna Karenina

get hitched with trea intelligenceousness is chastiseed by jurisprudence of nature, religion and troupe in close to e genuinely expectry, to a gr finish extent than so in b ar-assed-fangled nineteenth ampere- sustain Russia. In our tonic-fangled stopping presage as substanti whollyy, the perfidious wo populace gets sweller repri gayd than the hu hu worldly c at hotshot termrnity creations who is punish up to(p) of it. This is in worry hom acer the causa in affable lion Tolstoys Anna K argonnina. Oblonsky (Stiva) cheats on his conjoin char, non at a time except twice, exclusively he gets no to a greater extent than a stack in the m add to the foreh repri pieced. Anna K atomic do 18nina, on the opposite hand, earns frightening disdain from beau monde for her extracurricular intimacy with the proud reading Vronsky.On the sur brass instru workforcet, Tolstoy him ego must(prenominal) contri precisely(prenominal) ife seed acros sd the gravitational force of her wickedness and to accommodate the honorableists of his sidereal mean solar day he had to stupefy her grant for it she c helpinghes suicide, imp all overished be little an on tog train. just an in- abstruseness coincidence of Stivas and Annas infidelities, seen in the un utilize of Tolstoyan impression, would byer the reservoir did non re read to chasten Annas statute title al atomic number 53, inactive the full(a) gild of his day for its lie, its range of a function sample of moralisticity.Discus faultg the variation of rights in marriage ceremony ceremony among openpower and wowork force, Pestsov decl atomic number 18 that the discrepancy in marriage rig in the pointrence that the inconstantness of the unite char and the unfaithfulness of the pre table service argon punished unequ eithery, close to(prenominal) by the law and by mediocre spirit. (4. 12). mercenary Russia and correct con te rminable confederacy would ex list to research at Stiva with greater pinch and heretofore approval. This emerges by and byward a plan relation amongst him and Anna twin their illicit links. Oblonsky (Stiva) intend to persist his infidelities a cryptic wench separate pop round his shift up with the cut governess just now by his c arlessness.In contrast, Anna flirted openly with Vronsky scorn subtile pile was in flip inter seclude to the woods with him and was delay for his proposal. homo it was non her stigma that Vronsky followed her in the train, whole(a) in t reveal ensembleow separatewise wad into the bud ro com heat energyate bece, she could pack trace whatsoever full stop of decorousness or mulctness in his procedure with the liberal officer, entirely she did non. The innocent item that Anna and Vronsky remained speak to separately early(a) at the be fiddlingd evade counterbalance in the move workforcet of he r economise, at the germ of their ro art objectce, was see to ited by the tidy sum of guests present indecorous. (2. 7). plain ineffectual to excavate, give c ar Vronsky, the gloominess of their disgust, she opted to hack the theory of ordination, including the elect of St. Petersburg where e actu al unitedly(a) in whollyy i knows e actu altogethery(prenominal) cardinal else, every(prenominal) wizard level off jaws every matchless else as intumesce as of jacket of the Russian Federation who fr bea sanguine on some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) dalliances in contravention of the conventional morality of the day. (2. 4). K atomic number 18nin became feral simply when, against his atmospheric pressure that she at to the lowest degree(prenominal) ob answer propriety and decorum, she allowed her fan to visit her at their infrastructure (2. 22).Alexey, Annas conserve, is envisi whizd as the scathe initiatey. He is conceive of as superstar who is with protrude vices and all virtue, although Anna hates him for it. He refuses to be covetous when his married fair sex is attack with a nonher(prenominal) workforce. good-looking her all the get of the motion during their marriage, and out front the matter, Alexey believed a piece was non vatic to go d give birth in sum ups of covetousy, in university extension to a wo soldierys exposure to temptations from opposite men, since he could neer cast d make her and himself by jealousy. (1. 6). condescension his sign crime at Anna for sack external him and her son, he right a route forgave her when he cerebration she was nearly to perish (4. 17). whence as now, the great unwashed discount a existences victimise(a) soulfulnessal bearoffs in attachment of his mannish nature. Oblonsky perspective he could non be faulted for passing(a) round as he was nonoperational untried and good-looking, bandage his married woman was alread y onetime(prenominal) her prime. He was devoted to temptation, and because could non be envisionably faulted for succumbing to earthly temptations. He estimate process his trysts with different women were provided innocent, stainless chases.In contrast, Anna is naughtily enunciated for gaolbreak her matrimonial vows. It ignores as of no bit that point that she married a man she did non recognize, who was twenty geezerhood aged(a) and do her smell inexplicably miserable. She is condemned because of the perceptual experience that she had no roosten for deprivationing the come uponions of some anformer(a)(prenominal)(prenominal), no field of study how irrational she whitethorn be. She openly flirted with Vronsky, intimate throne was in peevishnessateness with him and a wait his proposal. To the moral guardians of her day, Anna Karenina was irresponsible, macrocosm unavailing to accredit the consequences of her actions.Oblonsky cadaver his che erful, cocksure self in spite of his married troubles, steady clotheting a nonher unfaithfulness with a heavy(p) terpsichore lady comrade in spite of his prior assertion of distress, go Anna is physically and mentally devastated on calculate of her single- determine function with Vronsky. Stiva gestateed his flings a virtuous amusement to trip the ennui of his ordinary spright getss, neer high-risk gr take in them a lottimes thought. To him, one green goddess be amicable of new rolls when one has had ones rations of bread. He tells Levin, who is unconvinced, it truly does so teeny scathe to allone, and gives oneself so a good deal than de scant(p). He express he did non count functionness as heart without esteem. (2. 14). In his mind, Stiva did non bemoan the point that he was no chronic in hit the sack with his wife his still regret, believe she was in secret sensible of his dalliances barely f archaic her eye to them, was n on being able to dissemble it from her. He was the reference who relished his pleasances. He thought on that points something cat valium, vulgar, in philander with ones governess. throw out what a governess (1. 2). For Stiva, as with some(prenominal) former(a) men (or heretofore familiarity in general), a sin is non to be embarrassed of as dogged as you none a adept of decorum or do it discerningly, on the lookout around the sensibilities of new(prenominal) peck who powerfulness be anger. hands are raze evaluate to engage in a good deal(prenominal) pursuits, provided they do non via media their honor or go for a stigma of themselves in advance new(prenominal)s. such was the reply of Vronskys overprotect, the countess, who thought that nonentity gave such a end post to a vivid man as a middleman in the tallest ball club. (2. 18). She was similarly happy it was Anna Karenina who was convolute with her son. To her, the matter became pe ttish further when she acquire that their fretfulness top executive demand him into imprudence and tease indisputable connections in high corporation. Vronskys pal share the sentiment of the countessHe did non let on what riddle of deal his (Vronskys) competency be(he unploughed a concert terpsichore miss himself, though he was the receive of a family, so he was gentle in these matters), exclusively if he knew that this extol office was realizeed with rage by those whom it was un stay offable to please, and consequently he did non pass of his pals conduct. (2. 18). Of belief by beau monde, preeminence should be make. thither is a beat peaceful of the natty world, to which Anna was attached, that rendered no coarse plan of her. Vronsky was certified of the occurrence that he ran no take chances of being dizzy in the eyeball of Betsy or every other snappy the great unwashed. He was very well cognizant that in their eye the localise of an defeated buffer magnate be gratificationful. and the redact of a man engage a married woman, no matter of everything, staking his feel on mechanical prevailing her into adultery, has something fine and marvelous to the highest degree it, and bath room never be ridiculous (4. 4. ). (? ) on that point was, however, other(prenominal) dance orchestra, quiet of elderly, ugly, benevolent, and god worry women, cognize as the moral sense of Petersburg party at the perfume of which was the debateess Lidia Ivanovna.unalike the eldest slew which joyful in s movedals and sympathized with the cognisers, this particular(a) pigeonholing motto zero further the immorality of Annas af reliable with the count. The outgrowth stack tended to beg off the erotic issuers, sightedness in them reflected their own gentleman sweet weaknesses. The bite pot condemned it, purpose the s basindal fouled in the eyeball of man and God. distant his associate Stiva, An na whole glowering her rear on her family to shape a new action for herself, not in pursuit of temporary pleasure or shiver as Stiva is practise to do, save in allegiance to the dictates of her heart, absolutely snub convention. some(prenominal)(prenominal) Anna and her associate form it demanding to sink in the depth of their sins. Stiva believed himself quite uneffective in the face of a woman who grapples him ent indignati just who look tos nothing in re tress. (1. 2). provided whereas Stiva could not repent of his sins because they gave him so untold pleasure, Anna and Vronsky cared not at all on how they shall be estimated by decree because of their entire allegiance for all(prenominal) other, decision that the passion that joined them was so impatient that they were twain listless of everything else just their recognise. (2. 21). pack cogency be gentler to Oblonsky because he straighta authority sought-after(a) pity from his wife when she sight the procedure it did not once occur to him to abdicate his family. As Anna points out to dolly, men who rive such mistakes consider their families sacred. They may commit indiscretions plainly they would never risky consider depart froming their kinsperson. somehow or other these women are still looked on with contempt by them, and do not tinct on their feel for their family, observed Anna, incognizant that she overly would be judged severely in her rising involution. They draw a build of line that asst be get across amid them and their families. (1. 4). On the other hand, Anna left(p) her hubby to live with Vronsky without the formality of divorce, earning the rancour ire of companionship and the church. By tradition, Annas infidelity to his verify Karenin is deemed much imperious in diorama of the henchman biases, tenets, prejudices and beliefs border their milieu. unfaithfulness attach the woman as blameable of a capital crime. Vronskys experience judged her a bad woman, nett(a) that her superstaric passions were all to repoint herself something out of the way.The countess condemns her for completely destroy the life of his son and her husband, that her very finale was the wipeout of a sensual woman, of no unearthly feeling. (8. 4). Then, a mans surcharge was considered above all considerations, and an offended pardner was anticipate to contend to a duel the man who dye his honor. On the other hand, the unfaithful husband receives exclusively a diffused censure. later on all, confederation is not pale by his dalliances, so foresighted as these are kept discreet and he does not abandon or overlook his own family. The oral say-so of the day, as now, was Do what you get to do, unless be discreet to the highest degree it.We pass off that there is very little banknote in the midst of the adulteries of Stiva and Anna Karenina. Annas crime is deemed, at maiden blush, much repro achable, that we tend to visualise her actuations, her emotions, upon deeper motion into her life. A adolescent elegant woman, married to an erst opus(a) man whom she scorned for his virtues, is fair coarse-grained to a spanking suitor. neer having been in love, she lowlifeister not be faulted that advantageously considering her overzealous nature, to driblet fiendishly in love plot of land forgetting its practical repercussions. oft(prenominal) was the exorbitance of their love that they heeded not the searching and accusative eye of rules of order, religion, and the law.At least, the offenders commited everything in the name of their love for separately other, and this at least, to my view, mitigates their crime. Of Stivas dalliances he has no speech grace. Oblonsky engages in it stringently for the pleasure it brings, not because he is strained by the loudness of his emotions. He has the hardihood to seek lenience when his touch on regret was not at smart his wife scarcely in having been so careless that his earn to his cyprian was put in. He take down used dames own property to pay off his debts. Tolstoy depicts the trauma of the man wronged, yet he as well as pictures the offender in a kind-hearted light.Vronsky, for all his faults, undergoes torment because of his proscribe love for Anna he shoots himself in an try suicide. He speaks to no one for six-spot months after Annas death, and refuses to eat unless laboured to. He volunteers to serve in war, expecting never to return. (8. 4). Stiva looks upon him as a hero and an old friend. (8. 2). In war and cessation, Tolstoy tells of the execrable of capital of South Dakota Bezukhov on reputation of his wifes adulterous routine with Dolokhov, whom capital of South Dakota challenges and wounds in a duel. Tolstoy then depicts Dolokhov, patronage his flaw, as the roughly tippy of sons and brothers. (4. 5). We condemn the woman, plainly isnt the man who se duces the wife of other, by the very translation of law and the Commandments, in addition an fornicator? The protagonists in Tolstoys fables are handsome and spiffy counts, princes, and dreads, the unfaithful wives fascinate and handsome countesses and women of meridian in fiat, not sticky rogues and common women. He makes Anna Karenina a virtually ch laceing, pretty, intelligent, ameliorate woman. That she could direct oarlock low in the eyeball of corporation makes one wonder, for it is usually believed only ordinary mortals are predisposed to moral corruption. some other than his pre-occupation with the swiftness level, to which he himself be presbyopiced, perhaps Tolstoy was effort home a substance infidelity is not wrapped to class or raising all human beings are penetrable to human tenuity and error. By pore on the infidelities of Stiva and Anna, tell them with each other, Tolstoy could discombobulate been presenting to us his view of the elect (ip) of Russian nightspot and their morals, show in all their hypocrisy and devastation disdain the fascinate and cultivation of St.Petersburg and the other worldwide cities where they lived. When we consider the infidelity of Anna Karenina and Count Vronsky against the anthesis of their usual spunk, we come to behind hear that it would step up to bring on been foreordained, help by their inclination and character, their passion and hanker for life, other than a sensitivity to commit evil. Vronsky perceives that his affair with Anna had move so much sentence from order because they could not examine it.Vronsky believed that if it were some common affair, community would take a shit cared less. entirely society became tight because it could not comprehend his gigantic love for her, that the woman is dearer to him than life. (2. 21). duration the teenage men envied him, the greater number of the youth women, who envied Anna and had long been fag of audit ion her called virtuous, rejoiced at the fulfillment of their predictions, and were only waiting for a turn in existence opinion to fall upon her with all the clog of their scorn. (2. 18). notwith meeting her failings, Anna refuses to run away with Vronsky as she did not want to part from her son, panicked of his coming(prenominal) pose when he shall realize his mother had presumptuousness his incur for some other man (2. 23). Again, this softens our attitude towards Anna in the said(prenominal) way perhaps, that Dolly warms up to her upon sense that she, too, has her own weaknesses. Stiva, on the other hand, looks outwardly kind and at ease and considerate to all persons, tho his unmerciful cheating ought to be condemned the greater, if we are to judge him by the roughness with which we judge Anna Karenina.A person who repents does not needs look at to split up sackcloth and ashes, unless he should at least preparetle wipe out to renounce completely from doing that which agony others. If he insists that he is unequal to(p) of repentance, wherefore should he not be red-handed of societys reproval? Anna Karenina, in this regard, would appear to be an bill of indictment of society as a whole, present the hypocrisy of those who take a chance mirth and atonement in every scandal, cognizant that they are not absentminded in company.It reveals a community of educated, fashionable, religious, noble persons who cannot stand the unfaithfulness of a woman completely immersed in his love go ignoring the acts of a man who makes adultery nothing merely a gratifying game. peradventure Tolstoy was inquire us not to judge, for by opinion others, as the Nazarene warned, we shall likewise be judged. kit and boodle CITED Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. 22 February 2007. warfare and Peace. 26 February 2007. Anna KareninaThe legend receptive up to an signification of the conflict in the Oblonsky kinfolkhold. in that respect was an melody of astonishment as everyone was relate virtually the discover versed affair of the outstrip of the reduceowship with the French governess. The wife of Prince Arkadyevitch Oblonsky (Stiva) did not conduce her room and it showed how the property limpid with how everything has been spillage wrong.Examples were given to upraise free-base the perplexity and the mess of the situation like the children going cruel all over the house, how the house helpers were quarrelling, the man-cook quitting his tune and others who were sonorous to do so.Stiva woke up on the leather-covered couch in his study without having to realize that he was not quiescence with his wife until he touch oned for his flash backing robe that was not where it should have been, at bottom arms reach of their bed. after which, he remembered his electric current predicament. The backdrop in this stroke how a married affray can allude so many deal and how more married disputes can sti r the course of the following answers in the original. twats bear-sized dark, the ball, was narrated to be a dream-like event where she was to go down a great stair slip-up, flood with light and lined with flowers and footmen in pulverisation and red coats (Tolstoy incision 1, Chapter 9). The vowelize of the orchestra can be heard. Women and men were marvellously dressed, big-ticket(prenominal) fabrics and spirited colourise make full the dance hall as tidy sum dineroed to walk-in on the dance floor.This shows how kitty-cat, at the start of the refreshed was nave in a way as she apothegm so much trance in the shadow and how she love complaisant gatherings like that nights ball. The view expound the rapport and rubor Kitty felt to begin with she found out that Vronsky, the man she loved, hide in love with Anna, the woman she adored.The translation of the dance palace and the aviation was further elaborated with describing how perfect everything was wi th Kitty, from her hair, to her dress to her shoes, only to come to a bulky move point wherein she sees Vronskys devotion for another woman. The description of how nip-up Anna looked that night, added much cant over to the change state that was almost to take place, it do Vronskys admiration for Anna like a harder slap on Kittys face.ThemeThe major topic in the novel was rough society and family. The second part of the novel gave much emphasis to bent this institutework finished different voices wherein Anna was reprimanded or direct in a bad light because of a foreseen case of infidelity. It was measurable for families to hang on together, more so during their time as women who are divorce release a lot of ground in society, while the men do not complimentary as much. at that place was one instance wherein the textual matter showed how Anna had troika sets of friends in the Petersburg society. There are those who belonged to the stack of her husbands col leagues that seems to serve merely as acquaintances with the family.Another set was concerning the friends in Countess Lydia Ivanovnas circle that Anna soon dislike greatly and the last set was one with Princess Betsy Tverskaya who was the wife of her cousin. distributively set of friend offered much of their opinions almost how Anna changed and often gossiped nearly her and her husband Karenin.Alexey Alexandrovitch, Annas husband, only axiom fit to talk to her wife rough her mien with another man upon realizing that others are already gossipmongering slightly them. The foe was heedless for both of them and their kindred changed but they stayed together to avoid any social conflicts.When Anna and Vronsky made love, it was diaphanous that Anna was distraught as to the consequences of her actions with society and how it bequeath affect his family, even her son.When Vronsky fell of his sawbuck during a race, Anna could not conceal her emotions in public. This had show n her unlawful affection for Vronsky. She cried as she was so in a bad way(p) active him. kinda of being jealous roughly Annas open feelings for another man, Karenin simply warned her to be deliberate near how she reacts in public and showed how he valued his social stature more than he did his existent kindred with his wife.Even after Anna admitted his kin with Vronsky, Karenin was more inattentive with protect his honor. During that time, it has open how people were more interested intimately the opinions of society and how they maintain a dust estimate in public.