Auerbach Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Auerbach Enterprise EssayAuerbach Enterprises uses ccapable car hours as the address driver to assign smash cost to the air conditioners. The society has used a company-wide predetermined belt rate in past years, but the new controller, Bennie Leon, is considering the use of departmental overhead pass judgment beginning with the next year. (Schneider, 2012). One product is affected more than the other by use of departmental rates rather than companywide rate. Companies can choose to use the accounting job order costing system when they have a single product line or numerous products to manufacture. However, it is little costly and less time-consuming if they elect to use process costing when calculating the manufacturing of a single product line. With similarities and differences, thither are also pros and cons that come with these costing methods. Every company is unique and what may work easy in a car repair shop, may not work in an automobile company. When we bet abo ut the similarities between job order costing and process costing we can agree that they twain monitor three specific elements, which are direct material, direct labor and manufacturing overhead.In addition the bunk of cost in each method is essentially the same when you look at both accounts. (Huntington, 2013) Radiator split Fabrication enough Overhead Costs divided by Machine Hours $80,000 meet $8 per railway car hour 10,000 Radiator Assembly, Weld, and prove equal $100,000 equal $5 per implement hour 20,000 Compressor move Fabrication equal $120,000 equal $24 per machine hour 5,000 Compressor Assembly and Test equal $180,000 equal $4 per machine hour 45,000.The department overhead rates included the compressor assembly and test department has the highest overhead costs with the most machine hours that check $4 per machine hour. The compressor parts fabrication department yields the highest cost per machine hour at $24. Job order costing gives managers the advantage of being able to keep get well of individuals and teams performance in terms of cost-control, efficiency and productivity. Process costing, on the other hand, gives managers the advantage of being able to ascertain the same qualities in entire departments and compare performance over time. (Ingram, D 2013)The next operable objective for the company is to determine the company wide overhead rate using machine hours as the cost driver. bon ton Wide Overhead Rate equal Forecast Overhead divided by Expected Machine Hours Overhead Rate equal $480,000 equal $6 per machine hour 80,000. Company Wide Rate subscribe Material Costs x Batch Size accession lay Labor Costs x Batch Size Maxiflow Alaska 135 x 20 equal 2700 one hundred ten x 20 equal 2200 75 x 20 equal 1500 95 x 20 equal 1900 equal $4200 per tidy sum equal $4100 per batch Departmental Rate. have Materials Costs increase Direct Labor Costs divided by Each Department Hour Maxiflow 135 plus 75 equal $210 Radiator Parts Fabricat ion 210 divided by 28 equal $7. 50 per batch Radiator Assembly, Weld, and Test equal 210 divided by 30 equal $7 per batch Compressor Parts Fabrication 210 divided by 32 equal $6. 60 per batch Compressor Assembly and Test 210 divided by 26 equal $8. 10 per batch Alaska 110 plus 95 equal 205 Radiator Parts Fabrication 205 divided by 16 equal $12. 80 per batch Radiator Assembly, Weld, and Test 205 divided by 74 equal $2. 0 per batch Compressor Parts Fabrication 205 divided by 8 equal $25. 60 per batch Compressor Assembly and Test 205 divided by 66 equal $3. 10 per batch. There was only a $100 difference between Maxiflow and Alaska when it came to company-wide rates per batch. On other hand, the departmental rates between Maxiflow and Alaska were significantly different. Maxiflow had the cheaper departmental costs per batch with an average of $7. 30 per batch compared to $11. 05 per batch with Alaska. to determine the companywide and departmental costs per unit of Maxiflow and Alaska.C ompany-Wide Rate Total Cost per Unit equal direct material Costs plus Direct Labor Costs divided by Number of Units Maxiflow. Direct Materials equal Alaska 135 Direct Labor Costs equal 75 210 $415 plus $480,000 divided by 40 equal $12,010. 38 per unit 110 plus 95 equal 205 210 plus 205 equal $415 Departmental Rate Radiator Parts Fabrication $80,000 plus $415 divided by 40 equal $2010. 38 per unit Radiator Assembly, Weld, and Test $100,000 plus 415 divided by 40 equal $2510. 38.Compressor Parts Fabrication $120,000 plus 415 divided by 40 equal $3010. 8 Compressor Assembly and Test $180,000 plus 415 divided by 40 equal $4510. 38. So, it seems that the total costs per unit for the company-wide rate is slightly less per unit. The company-wide rate for total cost per unit is $12,010. 38, piece the total cost per unit for each department is $12, 041. 52. Auerbach Enterprises manufactures air conditioners for automobiles and trucks manufactured throughout North America. The company design s its products with flexibility to accommodate many makes and models of automobiles and trucks.The companys two main products are MaxiFlow and Alaska. (Schneider, 2012). The reduction of overhead expenses is one of the sparse areas of corporate cost control that receives few to no attention from management. However the savings and profit improvement can be surprising. Reviewing the data for Auerbach management would be better suited to retain using company-wide rates. The perception by managers of the relative importance of costs may be determined by the nature.

My Growth As A Writer Essay Example for Free

My festering As A Writer EssayWriting has seemed to be a difficult process for me oer the years. This is why it was my choice to enroll myself in creative writing classes over the last 6 years. The roughly difficult process for me in writing is generating ideas. You notify learn to use proper structures for sentences but woefully creativity is something you can learn. In my play, The Doctor and the Patient, I displayed my best writing, and it gives a good example of what I have learned in this class. THE PATIENT Look,manwere all different.Each individual cant be typed into a group. All mindssouls, even are different. But we all have something in common were human. And its beautiful. Is an allegory, often used in poetry. Due to the depressed nature of the patient, he finds something that can bring light into his world. Though he is stubborn, and rejects medicating and therapy sessions, he finds a false sense of security. My behavior of writing is usually freeform, in my spar e time I usually writepost-apocalyptic situations, dark comedy, or serious. I have grown majorly at imagery and developing characters and dialogue.The tone of my writing is usually mellow, and flows preferably quickly. And I have learned to construct a story arc that does not change excessively erratically. Future goals of mine would to get a hardly a(prenominal) of my works published in a few small newsletters. Overall, I think my writing has improved drastically, I have learned how to style many an(prenominal) different types of stories and writings.

Threat of Hezbollah to US

terror of al-Jihad to US release Cell Analysis al-Jihad a Threat to the joined States and its interests.Red Cell analysis al-JihadIn recent years, the threat alert within the f altogether in States increase drastically attri aloneed to the increase in the number of terrorist physical compositions within its borders. However, close to terrorist organizations not only target the get together States but to a fault co-ordinate in the altogether(prenominal) gusts that target other American interests in other countries. one and only(a) of the biggest organizations that argon a threat to the join States and its interest in other countries is the al-Jihad truthsuit, also cognise as the Party of God, which advocates for the rights of Moslems in about parts of the world through terrorism activities. The transaction comprises of Shia Islamists who advocate for violence as part of spreading their pass along of fighting western imperialism in Muslim controlled states most the world. accord to a report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Hezbollah trend plans their attacks from south-central America targeting Americans within the joined States and other parts of the world. In 1983, the driving force attacked a U.S. maritime camp and killed all over 250 Americans date also targeting the American embassies in the Arab piece (Broxmeyer 2004). In addition, the front also kidnaps American citizens and demands for ransom before securing their release. The movement employs surveillance methods before attacks whereby members of the movement observe the routine of divergent planned locations, which creates a crown picture of the most favorable location for an attack.The Hezbollah movement began in 1982 in Lebanon, attributed to the Iranian Revolution. It blamed the coupled States for most of the problems facing other countries around the world. It is necessary to bankers bill that since the inception of the movement, the leaders hip positions require religious clerics within Islam, who guide the members of the movement in terms of goals and objectives. The movement also supports the local population in the Arab region through annual donations gained through the attacks carried out around the world. Although the of import cell for the movement is in Lebanon, the movement plans and executes its cognitive operations and attacks from the fall in States. The U.S. Department of State include this movement in the foreign terrorist organization (FTO) list in October 1997 as part of controlling their activities in the get together States (Slogum 2013). The main ideology associated with this movement is enhancing Islam as a confident religion that promotes the achievement of umpire and human rights for every citizen. However, Hezbollah uses violence and terrorist activities in passing on their messages regarding their ideology, which portrays it as one of the most dangerous organizations around the world.Based o n the organizations ideology, the main objective of Hezbollah is to have a Muslim controlled territory especially in the Arab region. According to the movements spokesperson, the group results in committing acts associated with terrorism due to failure in other means of communication between the countries in the Arab region and other western countries. This shows the organizations commitment to struggleds the terrorist activities, which include self-annihilation bombing around the United States and other western countries. The FBI also associated Hezbollah with the 11th September 2001 attack carried out within the United States. This promoted initiatives from the U.S. presidency orchestrateed at stopping terrorism in the country and in the Middle East region, which is the main hub of the terrorism cells (Broxmeyer 2004). Secondly, Hezbollahs goals and objective within the United States is the moderation of national liberation for Muslim living within America. The group argues th at the U.S. brass discriminates against the Muslims in the country denying them the right to religion as tell within the constitution. This prompts the movement to advocate for liberation of the Muslim population through terrorism activities, which portray nominate messages regarding Islam.One of the strengths attributed to Hezbollah is the leadership whereby the leaders of diametric cells around the world meet in South America for the election of their leaders. The main leader of the movement is Sheikh Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah who also acts as the unearthly father for the movement, as well as, the chief Mujtahid by ensuring a clear on a lower floorstanding of the Islamic law by every member of the movement. Based on the goals and objectives of Hezbollah within the Arab region, Sheikh Muhammed ensures support from other organizations and movement, which is a key strength for the movement. This leader controls the organizations main cell in Lebanon but also helps in the co-or dination of other cells in other countries around the world especially in the United States. Sheikh Muhammed also helps in punishing offenders within the movement, which is a factor that enhances discipline among members of the movement towards the goals and objectives (Koak 2012). The other main leader of the movement is Hassan Nasrallah, who is the secretary general for the movement. After the assassination of Abbas Musawi by the U.S. government, the leaders of different cells unanimously elected Hassan Nasrallah as the new secretary general.Based on the leadership social system projected, it is clear that the movement operates in secretive environment with the main decision making organ being the ghostly leader and the secretary general. In addition, it is also clear that the movement draws towards its goals and objectives attributed to the election of the spiritual father in a leadership position within the organization. When focusing on the funding of the movement, it is clea r that it plays an important procedure in the operations, and attacks carried out by the movement. Most of the funding for the movement comes about from donations Shia Islamists who offer zakat afterwards prayers. This contributes to 50% of the total funding for the movement most of which is used in securing equipment and weapons used in attacks (Koak 2012). It is native to note that this funding comes from the Arab region considering that the United States does not al emit such(prenominal) collections towards terrorist activities. On the other hand, the movement also receives funding from the Islamic Republic of Iran through weapons and training sessions with the weapons transported to the United States through underground tunnels and stored in most of the control locations especially in South America.Hezbollah places authoritative importance on more or less of the major capabilities that contribute to the success of the attacks carried out by the organization. Based on the ba n by the U.S. government on the movement, Hezbollah moved most of the tangible bases from the western countries in the Arab region with most countries backing the movement. However, the cells within the United States also act as support locations whereby members of the movement seek help in case of need. Hezbollah portrays an image of participating in Jihad, which is a Holy war within the Muslims, which has helped in the attraction of more people towards the movement (Goll 2011). This is clear from the number of personnel in the cell in the United States containing over 30,000 people, most of whom act as Jihadists for the Islam religion. As mentioned earlier, the main decision body the movement is the spiritual leader and the secretary general, who control the training programs for the movement. During the recruitment of new members of the movement, the leaders move to the physical bases where the training programs occur as a way of ensuring total commitment in the part of the rec ruits.According to a report released by the United Nations, Hezbollah receives donations of over $200 million annually and spends over $50 million in the acquisition of new communication technologies. However, the communication methods used during attacks depends on the precedence of the attacks with the movement using complex communication methods in some of the high priority attack such as the 11th September 2001 attack against the United States. The complexities of the communication methods create a significant mischief for the U.S. government in terms of preventing the planned attacks. It is important to point out that most of the attacks carried out by the group target highly popu recentd beas and military bases, which creates tension among people living within the United States (Goll 2011). Based on the training carried out in the physical bases, the U.S. Department of State argues that the movement uses suicide bombing in carrying out terrorist activities in the countries, which makes it hard for the prevention. Hezbollah also employs the use of gun attacks whereby members of the movement, attack different planned venues and shoot innocent victims, as part of the mission towards passing on the message of liberation.Terror groups operations are mainly dependent on minimizing dangers with the aim of achieving the greatest success. Terrorists evade a challengers strong point and focus on their weaknesses and their stress on exploiting security measure. This primarily means the involvement of the smallest possible number of attackers to complete the operation with the most rough-and-ready weapons at their disposal. The Hezbollah movement practices a detailed scheduling which can be adjusted depending on the operations requirements. For instance, the last of the potential targets can continue for years before the operation is carried out. Some targets whitethorn be unprotected enough to warrant shorter periods of observation. However, the information and data collection must(prenominal) be strong. Similarly, depending on the nature of the operation, operations in progress may be improved, deferred or annulled so that the operation does not fail. Under the Hezbollah movements planning and data collection strategies, tactical missions interlink so that operable objectives and strategical goals are realized.A detailed understanding of the target population is studied through psychological measures where informants are sent to the target site with the aim of getting the experiences of the populace. In case the targeted location involves experts, field agents are recruited and develop to work with companies and organizations operating from that target site. This helps the terrorist agents to be acquainted with the environment and identify the weak points, forgo times and surveillance of security measures employed by the firms in the target area. In this light, the most sound data collection programs include physical surveillan ce, involvement of professionals working in the target areas, hacking into data storages of the government through agents in such agencies, practice/ routines/ procedures, not to mention transportation and route travel study.For a mission to be winningly completed and executed by the Hezbollah movement, collected data must be evaluated and studied by a group of strategists in the movement. This group includes professionals in various palm such as security, programming, finance and accounting management, logistics experts, and analysts. The process of data collection is entirely left to the low ranking recruits who, however, must be supervised by a senior ranking member. In most cases, the supervisor is only known by a few recruits for security reasons. The Hezbollah movement has recruited all over and in all fields. The movements target young workers in organizations and government agencies. The main reason for this pickaxe is that such workers are desperate to earn extra money f or their leisure activities, and the fact that they are booming to manipulate and blackmail. Given the fact that data collection does not require much experience or expertise, low ranking and new recruits are the most suitable candidates to collect data and information regarding the operation. In most cases, the recruits are not aware of the real deal of the operation, they will innocently collect and monger the information. In addition, where surveillance can be done through observation, for instance information regarding logistics and transportation routes and schedules, the organization may use more experienced informants since they are able to survey without leaving a tether or being noticed. Lastly, the pre-attack surveillance and data gathering should be collected by highly trained scholarship and surveillance personnel or members supportive of the terrorist cell. The pre-attack phase involves gathering information relating to the targets current patterns whereby the attac king team approves information self-possessed from previous surveillance activities. This is very important as it helps in the identification of presumed and probable vulnerabilities. The Hezbollah movement practices a hierarchical decision making structure with the leader being the highest. Presently, the leader of the movement is Sheikh Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah, who is not only a leader, but also the spiritual father of the movement. Under this structure, major decisions are made from one end while the day to day running of operations is carried from the other end. At one end of this internal denture of accountabilities, execution of operational tasks is clearly the role assigned to terror cells and operation groups. The other extreme consists of the administrator group that has the primary responsibility for the development of the movements strategies and counselor proclamations that map the overall direction of the movement. The executive group plays an essential part of t he process of developing and appraising the movements policies and strategies in the continuing provision of updated knowledge and forecasting of future operation.The strategic intelligence applied by the Hezbollah movement is a very specific application of principles, and its main role is to assist the movement with operational decision making as well as strategizing on operations requirements. The main role of strategic intelligence in the Hezbollah movement is the need for support to understand and be able to proceeds the challenges and barriers enacted by various government agencies. Other strategies are helping in the realization and development of successful operations, development of goals, objectives and operation matrices, the provision of open-sources as well as intelligence collection support and analysis. The movement has a wide network of intelligence analyst fetched from all probable professions. This makes the organization very effective when analyzing any operation not only for security but also for finance, logistics, and human power management. The team of experts also helps in the planning of emergency and fallback plans in case the operation fails when being executed.In conclusion, the collection of data and information by the Hezbollah movement is a very organized operation that is very secretive and well organized. This task is mainly conducted by low ranking personnel, but under the watch of experienced and trained experts. Once the primary data is collected a group of experts organizes it with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their target. Once this is done, the movement rehearses the operation and at times this may be done on convertible locations and target sites with the objective of further identifying any enforceable weak points in the operation. Prior to the operation, strategic intelligence surveillance is also practiced where a team of experts evaluates the plan in relation to the available information. T his may lead to approval, delay or termination of the operation depending on the existing facts about the intelligence gathered about the operation. Lastly, the group practices the hierarchical management structure, where information is handled through the top-bottom flow. This structure plays a very significant role in enhancing security and protection of sensitive information.The recommendation for a policy maker is for the United States ideal objective in Lebanon should be to help them enhance and set up a unloose media that is reluctant to work with terrorists, facilities able to provide the primary needs for its people, and an audio financial system screen from Hezbollahs fraudulent taxation.Secondly, they should determine a plan to help Lebanon develop a powerful financial system and discuss with Israel to reduce any stress. If array skirmishes do no quit, the risk of terrorism and financial growth will be unproductive to a flourishing Lebanese upcoming.Lastly, it is valid to know that Hezbollah has started growing in the Southern United States and is economically cheering itself nearer to United States boundaries.Our plan creators need to be eager to the fact that Hezbollah is growing and getting its feet nearer to the United States boundary. Improving boundary protection is going to be a necessary countermeasure that stops enemy from locomote though known factors of entries.The U.S. needs to be cautious to not to straight take part in an issue with Hezbollah. The last factor the U. S. Declares should do is worsening Hezbollah into a retaliatory condition. Instead the U.S. should ultimately use Southern United States and Center Southern nations to battle them for us.Additionally, for military performance enhancement and improvement, Hezbollah handled their community assistance and authenticity through the use of non-military indicates, with the supply of social services and governmental parting probably playing an important role Hezbollahs huge st rategy. Most significantly for Hezbollah, the new approach led the Party of God out of their difficult ideal position in the late 1980s. The result of these connections between enhanced army and non-military indicates was an ideal success for Hezbollah. Israeli community assistance for the war decreased, eventually resulting in the Israeli drawback from Southeast Lebanon.BibliographyBroxmeyer, Eric. The Problems of Security and Freedom Procedural Due Process and the style of Foreign Terrorist Organizations Under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Berkeley Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (2004) 439-488.Dr. Habash, George . Terrorist Planning Cycle. A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. August 15, 2007. http//www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/guidterr/app_a.pdf (accessed inch 15, 2014).Goll, Irene. Environmental Jolts, Clocks, and Strategic Change in the U.S. Airline Industry The Effects of Deregulation and the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks . Business Politics 13, no. 4 (2011) 1-37.Kang, Youn-ah , and John Stasko . Characterizing the Intelligence Analysis Process communicate Visual Analytics Design through a Longitudinal Field Study . IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics cognizance and Technology. October 28, 2011. http//users.soe.ucsc.edu/pang/visweek/2011/vast/papers/kang.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014).Koak, Murat. Threat assessment of terrorist organizations the application of Q methodology. Journal of jeopardy Research 15, no. 1 (2012) 85-105.Slogum, Louisa. OFAC, the Department Of State, and the Terrorist Designation Process A Comparative Analysis of situation Discretion. Administrative Law Review 65, no. 2 (2013) 387-425.Sheehan, Ivan Sascha. Assessing and Comparing Data Sources for Terrorism Research. Springer serial publication on Evidence-Based Crime Policy 3, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0953-3_2, 2012 13-35.Straus , Susan G., Andrew M. Parker, James B. Bruce , And Jacob W. Dembosky. The assort Matters A Review of the Effects of Group Interaction on Processes and Outcomes in Analytic Teams. National Security Research Division. April 2009. http//www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2009/RAND_WR580.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014).

Immersion Education In Korean Elementary Education Education Essay

Immersion reading In Korean Elementary Education Education EssayAs the world is globalised and position- verbaliseing countries involve dominant roles in politics, economy and culture, slope is universally recognised as a global linguistic process.With the brilliance of side of meat as a global lingua franca and the necessity of having a command of side, South Korea (hereafter Korea) has perceive the importance of incline wrangle development and tried to improve students side of meat development by suggesting deep-lobed methods. M whatsoever delivery command specialists, scholars and policy- manufacturers engender suggested many another(prenominal) an(prenominal) methodologies applicable to the Korean public bringing up system. In 2009, the Korea Herald (2009) reported, for example, that Korea ranks 89th out of 120 countries in depots of TOEFL (Test of side as foreign language, led by Educational Testing Service, U.S.A) results, achieving a score down the st airs the international average. Korea has still been ranked bottom in the face Proficiency Test, curiously in the speaking section (Korea Times, 2011). Demand for a high inculcate aim of English is increasing because English has become the most important part of Korean deals lives. English improvement tests, such as university entrance exams, TOEIC (Test of English for international communication, see reference C) atomic number 18 now inherent elements for going to a good university or explicateting a good job or promotion. Especially, English attainment is a major comp unitynt in university admission. A recent survey led by KDI (Korea Development Institute) mentions that academic cliques be voted as the top-ranked factor of individual success. This leads to English precept fever in Korea and students parents arrive spent colossal amounts of time and money on English nurture for their children. When the menses g ein truthwherening was launched in 2008, its campaign in terminuss of English schooling was Anyone who graduates from high-schooling can communicate with English without trouble oneself, and when death chair Lee was selected, his transition committee of education brought in the Immersion education c at a timept, known in Korea as Mol-ib. In particular, the committee focuse on early English education, and targeted wide-eyed school students for this engrossment turning away. later severe controversy, the committee had to withdraw the policy, just close to offices of education from cities and provinces still encourage their mere(a)/ center field schools to adopt submerging education voluntarily. Especially, the government allowed four international middle schools to adopt English assiduousness education and jibely many offices of education in cities and provinces considered establishing a specialised middle school. agreely, the new governments cancelled policy resulted in unintended consequences that led to overheated early E nglish education. on that point was a knock of students who would go to insular language establishs to prepare for going to the new schools. Students living in rural areas locomote to the cities where four International middle schools are located. Other students and their parents contrive also recognised that English education in public school is non enough and searched for private institutes which stomach the Immersion syllabus and coursees taught by English autochthonic speakers. Contrary to the governments expectations, many middle- fork students have to rely on private language institutes and their parents have to spend more money for private English tutoring and sending their children abroad for Summer/ overwinter language programmes. Especially, as the new presidential election memory accesses, this policy is mentioned again by new candidates, education policy- keeprs and educators. Accordingly, the interests of teachers at public schools and private institutes ar e reaching the climax of new policy. This campaign tuition explores the suitableness of the English absorption programme in South Korea from cardinal ducking teachers experiences and attempts to answer the following question questions 1) How do Korean preoccupation teachers teach in an engrossment education environment for elementary students? 2) What difficulties do non-native speakers have when tenet in the target language? 3) Is entrance education suitable for English language education in Korea? The sight first observes Korean submersion teachers layeres. It then investigates their opinions in terms of duck hunting education. Finally, it looks into the suitability of intentness education in the Korean education system. Although this part study is small-scale, the conclusions will figure some suggestions to the persons concerned with English education in the next government.2. Background2.1 Theories of bilingual educationFrom the 20th century, the worlds globa lisation has greatly influenced language education in e truly country. According to Baker (1996 165), one of the illusions around bilingual education is that it is a twentieth century phenomenon. Some countries, such as Hungary, Finland in Europe, Canada, and Hong Kong have applied bilingual education officially or unofficially and optionally or compulsorily. This phenomenon explains why people can non deny current globalised times and must recognise the importance of communication across the globe.Paulston (1992 80) argues that unless we try in some way to account for the socio-historical, cultural, and economic-political factors which lead to certain forms of bilingual education, we will never understand the consequences of that education. In this sense, characteristics of bilingual education can be deeply related to ones societys history, culture, economy, and politics and can be changed according to these aspects. Two terms, preoccupancy education and CLIL, are introduced brie fly in this chapter, as they require a widely range of theoretic background. ace of very well-known bilingual education programmes is density education. Baker (1996 180) introduces the term Immersion bilingual education as an intended outcome, and thitherfore represents a strong use of the term bilingual education. In this sense, from the view of direction ecumenical subjects in English, English preoccupation education is a different approach from TEE (Teaching English in English) or teaching early(a) subjects integrated partially in an English class. Johnson and Swain (1997 6-8) discuss the core features of a prototypical submerging program. They present that thither are eight park features which exist in spite of the variable features in each immersion education programme1. The L2 is a medium of instruction.2. The immersion plan parallels the topical anaesthetic L1 curriculum.3. Overt support exists for the L1.4. The programme aims for additive bilingualism.5. Exposure to the L2 is largely confined to the classroom.6. Students enter with similar (and special) take aims of L2 proficiency.7. The teachers are bilingual.8. The classroom culture is that of the local L1 community.On the other hand, there is a nonher immersion education programme, which is called CLIL Content and Language Integrated Learning. According to Dalton-Puffer (2007 1), CLIL refers to an educational setting where a language other than the students mother tongue is used as a medium of instruction. Garca (2010 210) takes the stance that CLIL-type programmes aim at achieving a functional competence in both receptive and productive skills, particularly when the target language takes a low portion of curriculum time, as in vocational or professional training. Garca refers to Hammerly and Swain in noning the difference amid them, as follows (2009209-2010) Full immersion offers intensive contact with the target language and aims for native or near-native competence at least in rece ptive skills of comprehension and reading. However, many early quantity Canadian immersion pupils, blush by the end of the program, continue to reveal striking grammatical inaccuracies in their speaking and writing (Hammerly 1991 Swain, 1985).2.2 current theoretic trend of English immersion education in KoreaSince the latter part of the 20th century, the gateway of the immersion programme as one of bilingual education and the interrogation of its necessity in the Korean education system has been shown. J. Park (2000) suggests the importance of bilingual education, and especially the application of immersion education to English classes in Korea. His paper provides trey key objectives showing successful cases of other countries in terms of immersion education, exploring the applicability of the immersion scheme in Korean education and arguing that partial subjects need to be taught in the immersion education system. There is updated look into establish on teachers cognition to apply immersion education in the Korean curriculum. S. Park (2004) broadly surveys the subject of teachers ideas in relation to English immersion education in Korean elementary schools in the Seoul metropolitan area. He suggests some(prenominal) ideas based on his research findings and some representative suggestions from participants are summarised as follows (2004 277-278) English immersion education should be fundamentally go acrossed after cultivating professional immersion teachers and should not give pressure on general subjects teachers. instructors emphasise the need for government policies to give thoughtful consideration to immersion teachers in order to make them into immersion teachers. Additionally, preliminary arrangements in terms of curricula and stuffs would be needed to minimise the possibility of disorder and inconvenience caused by insufficient preparation. In relation to induction timing, they advise slow and partial induction of immersion education and th e government should suggest this policy to schools in the form of a unbidden, not compulsory, aspect in the beginning stage. The idea of working with English native speakers is recommended and desirable for team-teaching, notwithstanding Korean teachers should lead the initiative. They recommend that in the later phase, Korean teachers who are fluent in English should lead the class alone. Especially, friendly equality amongst the students from diverse family backgrounds is insisted upon and policy-makers are required to suggest proper methods of selecting beneficiaries. Furthermore, teachers argue that the induction of immersion education should not foster the growth of the private education market. Additionally, J. Park and S. Park (2007) suggest a time of induction of English immersion education, appropriate subjects of immersion, its curriculum, a selection scheme for students of this programme, immersion education teachers, types of immersion class, a plan for improving tea chers English proficiency, and developing materials in a practical manner.3. methodological analysisThis chapter describes the methodological framework. It first describes participants and their recruitment. The description is followed by a detailed description of the procedures and techniques of info prayer. The chapter ends with an account of data analysis methods as well as ethical issues related to the study.3.1. ParticipantsTwo immersion teachers participated in the survey. I recruited them at a public elementary school and a private educational institute by dint of my ain ne twainrk. Both are male and their average age was 32. I make this decision in order to listen to different voices from public and private institutes. A public school teacher (hereafter Teacher A) received a BA in Math Education from one local university and gained a teaching license from the Korean education council. He has taught English in elementary school for 7 years, except his immersion teaching experience is only 1 year. Another teacher (hereafter Teacher B) from a private institute gained a BA in science education and spent a total 6 years in U.S.A. His immersion teaching experience is 2 years in Korea.3.2. Data collectionThis study tries to employ qualitative data collection and analysis methods. These characteristics of qualitative research match this studys research purposes. The focus of the study is to observe immersion classes in Korea and particularly to get Korean teachers opinions approximately English immersion education. Therefore, qualitative research methods were prioritised in this study. Among various qualitative data collecting tools, wonder was used as a primary data collection tool, and observation served the purpose of getting referencing data.3.2.1. Observationimputable to geographical distance, I had to observe their classes via videos which were uploaded on their institutions websites. Teacher As video was catchd and uploaded onto the web because the school was designated as an exemplary immersion school. On the other hand, teacher Bs video was produced for the purpose of marketing for recruiting students. wizard reason for classroom observation was mainly to build up a background knowledge of immersion education in Korea. The second reason is to develop my questionnaire and see the consistency between what interviewees think slightly immersion education and what they actually do in their classroom teaching.3.2.2. InterviewThe interview was followed by devil interviews separately via Skype and was conducted with a pre-provided questionnaire (Appendix A) which was sent to them by E-mail. In order to allow for flexibility, some questionnaires were additionally made to get their opinions. All the interviews were conducted in Korean and audio-recorded with Evaer Skype Recorder.3.3. Ethical issuesWhen I undercoat the appropriate participants, I contacted them via Facebook and explained the purposes of the case study. They inf ormed me that they would subscribe to my offer under the condition of anonymity. I had to promise to protect the confidentiality of the participants and that I would gear up their anonymity by using pseudonyms as well as the institutes names. I assured them that the interview results would not be released to anyone with whom they work, or to any institutes at which they work.4. Research findings4.1 Immersion programme in two institutionsThe below confine are collected from interviews with two participants and information from school/institute homepages and are summed up. The general approach to immersion is similar that they have slight differences of purpose and characteristics.4.1.1 Programme purpose and characteristics of Teacher As schoolThis programme is sponsored by the Office of education, Busan city. This school is designated as an exemplary school which provides immersion education. common chord subjects, which are maths, science, and sociology, are taught in English, not in regular classes but in extracurricular classes for voluntary students. Students English levels are diverse. The mission of the programme is to assist EFL elementary students in developing English language proficiency while fostering an interest in their studies. This programme enables the students to learn English additionally at school and review subjects which were taught in Korean at regular classes. In class, the Korean teacher leads the class and an English native speaker supports the Korean teacher. The textbooks are provided by the government and have similar nubeds to Korean textbooks.4.1.2 Programme purpose and characteristics of Teacher Bs instituteThe programme enables highly intelligent elementary students who have a good command of English to complete a series of elementary-level subjects in immersion education. This programme is designed to meet the interests of elementary students who plan to go to International Middle school (Appendix B) or secondary school in English-speaking countries. In order to be considered for this programme, candidates must possess over 700 tears in their TOEIC score and their ranking in their class should be within the top 5% of total subjects. The mission of the programme is to provide the upper level contents to elite students and to enable them to prepare for analyse in an English environment. The main subjects, such as maths, science, and sociology, which are core courses required to prepare for subordinate high school, are taught in English. All teachers are English native speakers or Koreans who speak English fluently and have a germane(predicate) degree from English-speaking countries. The materials are diverse from American elementary books to self-translated books into English.4.2 Classroom observationIn order to observe two different classrooms, I borrowed Fortune (2000)s immersion teaching strategies observation checklist (appendix D). I observed how teachers would operate the class and how stud ents responded to find similarities and make comparisons between their two programmes. There are several areas of classroom observation, but I focussed on teachers methods of 1) Making stimulus comprehensible, 2) Integrating language with contents, and 3) Interacting with students.4.2.1 Teacher As classTeacher A teaches maths for the 5th check (age 11) in English immersion. In his class, there are about 25 students. This class is not in the regular course curriculum but is additionally conducted for the purpose of immersion education. This is an alternative measure to rescind making students parents worried in terms of childrens scholastic attainments. When the class begins, teacher A and a native speaker share greetings in English to catch the students attention and to inform them that only English is to be used in the class. He leads the class with relative ease and simplicity in order not to give pressure or stress to students. His intention seems to focus on the understanding of the English language, especially vocabulary. He tries to provide activities by asking questions. He also asks the native speaker to talk to students individually. The native speaker tries to tailor her English to a level that the students, with their limited English proficiency, can understand.4.2.2 Teacher Bs classTeacher B teaches science to the 6th grade (age 12) in English immersion. In his class, there are 12 students. He explains some contents and their structures and vocabularies simultaneously. He focuses not only on speaking, but also on reading and writing skills. In order to develop students English skills, he encourages students to keep open their thinking after the teachers explanation and to have a discussion with a partner. He uses American material from California state for grade 7 (12-13 years of age). He tries to correct the students English and seems more focused on students understanding of content. In order to familiarise them with Western classrooms and cu lture, he uses an American Home school DVD as a visual aid to supplement information to get positive feedback from his students.4.2.3 Similarities and differences between themThe main intentions of both of the programmes are to promote academic instruction so that all students become accomplished in English through the implementation of immersion education. Their classes aim to provide students with a Western-like environment and to provide some opportunities for positive interactions. Both programmes seem to employ a lesson plan that facilitates English language development. Lessons are designed to promote English language skills, rather than to deliver content. As students have a limited understanding of English, teachers try to speak English slowly and explain things simply. They allocate some minutes for providing opportunities for students to produce language on their own to practice English. After their response, teachers provide positive feedback, although the students make some mistakes, so that students get involved and interested in another language and class. Although there was not a solid difference between the two classrooms, one particular finding is that Teacher A delivers some content in Korean to help students understand information. His class focuses on serving children become comfortable with the English language. His intention is to make his students become familiarised with the English language and to grow slowly in their English skills. Students feedback is rather limited and this class is generally teacher-centred. This case is not the original class of immersion education because this class is for reviewing what students have already learned. Repeating the lesson in the target language is the main purpose thus, it does not fit in the basic principle of immersion education. In contrast, teacher Bs class is middling different. Because of the student body, which is composed of elite students, his class provides an environment that prom otes positive attitudes towards the English language. It allows them to simultaneously learn content on a topic as well as acquiring vocabulary and the ability to speak in English. This programme seems to focus on individual academic strengths. The teachers main interest includes students developing high levels of proficiency in the English language and performing at or above grade level in academic areas in both languages.4.3. Interview results and discussionsThis section shows the findings from the interviews based on questionnaires. A re-create of the questionnaire can be found in appendix A and copies of the completed questionnaires can be found in appendix B. The public school teacher is referred to as Teacher A and the private institute one is referred to as Teacher B. I summarise the findings with 4 themes, as shown below.4.3.1 Target language proficiency and self-confidenceTeachers are not sure whether immersion education should be introduced in public school. They point ou t that their English proficiency is the main problem and they lose confidence when teaching. They also worry about the teaching quality due to delivering lessons.When I was selected as an immersion teacher, I was excited, but on the other hand, I was worried about my English proficiency. I had some English communication classes in college, but that was for general English classes. Although I have quite a high score in TOEIC (Test of English for international communication by ETS), I have had no exposure to an English environment. I am planning to go abroad for intensive English. (Teacher A)Although I studied and gained a B.A. degree in U.S, its very challenging to teach in English. Policy-makers need to understand that an American degree cannot make foreign students get the language level of native speakers. There is no option but to improve English proficiency at this moment. (Teacher B)These two participants recognise the teachers English proficiency as a starting point for immers ion education. They understand that the language issue is critical for adopting immersion education. However, they appreciate that the future trend of English education in Korea will be similar to the immersion education system. Thus, in order to strengthen their teaching competitiveness, they are going to language schools after work or are planning to go overseas.4.3.2 alliance with their parents and the market of private institutesOne of the key issues in introducing immersion education is dealing with students and their parents. Especially, they have common ideas that immersion education should require parents permission and agreement. These are quotations in terms of this themeIn the beginning, it was very difficult to persuade parents. Thats why immersion class is executed in extra-curricular class, not regular class. One particular thing is they regard my class as another opportunity to expose themselves to English language. (Teacher A)Parents by choice send their children t o my institute, as it is one of a few institutes which provide immersion education in this town. almost of them expect their children to go to middle school of science thus, their expectation is very high. They pay a portentous amount of money. I think immersion teaching would be limited in public school and the market of private institutes will be bigger. (Teacher B)As shown above, it is found that getting permission from students parents is not unprovoked and general explanation needs to be provided to parents in the beginning stage. One interesting finding is that this immersion programme increases the role of private education, which is contrary to the governments intention. Furthermore, this points to the fact that the immersion programme creates a gulf between the rich and poor.4.3.3 Interaction with studentsInteraction between teachers and students is a very important factor in the classroom. As a teacher, he/she needs to monitor whether students understand the content and can follow what he/she teaches and be aware of any difficulties the students have. Especially, this is very important in the immersion classroom because a foreign language is the main delivery method.This is the most important issue that I object to in the adoption of immersion education. Most students start study English from the age of ten in public school. To be honest, their English proficiency is not enough to understand a class in English. Accordingly, they lose interest in the class. Although the class deals with elementary-level content, students feel difficulty in understanding new English words and contexts. (Teacher A)As a matter of fact, class in a foreign language is difficult not only for teachers but also for students. My students English is definitely better than other students in the same grade. However, understanding, presenting and asking questions is not that easy. Fortunately, they are aiming to go to international middle school and they try their best. In my position, I try to utilise many visual aids to catch their attention. (Teacher B)In terms of this issue, the language issue is mentioned again. One of the key principles of immersion education is linguistic knowledge. In Korea, one of EFL countries, where English is rarely used in real life, it is once again confirmed that by teaching in a foreign language, it is not easy to make academic content comprehensible to learners.4.3.4 Qualified native speaker and tailored materialsThe basic requirement for any class is material. The two participants agreed that they were not sure about which materials they should use. They also had some difficulties in finding qualified native-speakers to work with. These remarks are exemplary in relation to this themeTo be honest, selecting materials is beyond my capacity. There is no official textbook for immersion education. I use an American textbook but the curriculum is very different. Thus, I translate Korean textbooks into English before class and hand them out in class. (Teacher B)Working with a native speaker is very beneficial to me and to students. However, I have to spend more time to prepare for class because the native speaker and I have to prepare together in advance. In particular, getting a qualified one is very difficult. Most of them come to Korea to teach English, not maths or science. Even finding a qualified one who meets the school recruitment received is very rare. (Teacher A)As shown above, producing material tailored to the Korean education curriculum is recognised as one of the most challenging aspects. Currently, the average monthly wage for a native-speaker is about 1300-1500 pounds, which is quite a flowerpot lower than other East Asian countries. The Korean government needs to organise a task-force for implementing the obligatory conditions.4.3.5 Testing and assessmentLanguage assessment is a very important factor in helping to understand students academic outcomes or proper development and even he lp them to learn the target language effectively.Unfortunately, at this moment, it is difficult to assess students learning process. City office education has not mentioned about testing. Fundamentally, my class is not on regular curriculum and I feel little necessity of testing. If I have to, then I need some support from school or city office of education. (Teacher A)As the interview result shows, Bax (2010 52) also describes in terms of immersion education in Korea that there is an absence seizure of firm test data by which to evaluate the academic success of English language learning in Korea in comparison with other countries. Assessment should have been considered when the immersion scheme was introduced in Korea.5. closure5.1. The findings and implicationsThis case study shows some limitations of employing the immersion programme. In order to gain a successful immersion programme, sustainable support and interest is needed from educational policy-makers, administrators, teac hers and students. In this sense, the results of this case study have some implications for other schools and private educational institutes, and particularly for policy makers of English language education. As discussed in the interview chapter, the teachers have difficulty in teaching their subjects in an immersion education environment in several respects. First of all, English language proficiency is considered to be a very important tool in educational contexts. Secondly, although the immersion educational policy has attempted to strengthen English language proficiency for students, the current educational system cannot cover their willingness. Thirdly, the sudden change in language education policy has been generating many constraints, such as teachers low English proficiency, the lack of materials and English native speakers. In this sense, all of the relevant people share many weaknesses and shortfalls of immersion education in Korea and thus may benefit from the results and findings of this study. The results of the study may also have implications for people who plan to teach their subjects within immersion programmes. They need to study how they can deliver their education to students within immersion environments effectively. Native English speakers who plan to teach English in South Korea or EFL settings may also benefit from this study about English language teaching, as they are informed of the realities of teaching EFL in the current trend of South Korean situations. For these reasons, this case study can be a useful source of information. Korea has a tendency to quickly benchmark things which are deemed good policies, or systems from developed countries, without thorough preparation. This also seems to apply in this case. Students and teachers recognise this scheme is clumsily prepared without all circumstances being set up.5.2. Limitations and suggestions for future research directionsThis study employs two means of data collection interview and observation. However, in terms of combining quantitative and qualitative research instruments, the study has not fully provided a better understanding of the suitability of English immersion education in South Korean education. Instead, this study rather focuses on teachers beliefs about the English immersion education, their perceptions of it, and their attempts to implement newly suggested immersion education into their classroom teaching. In this sense, the study is rather small-scale.There are three big limitations of this study. One is the difficulty of persuading participants to have interviews. For finding interviewees, I managed to recruit some of the candidates through my personal network. However, it was very difficult to get their permission for interviews. As I described in the interview results section, they hesitated to accept my interview proposal, because they also understood that most of their ideas would possess negative views of immersion education. Therefore , at their request, we agreed to have interviews on condition of the anonymity of all of their names, schools and mentioned people. The second limitation concerns a lack of real class observation. Due to the long distance between us, although they provided me with video cl

Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

Factors Affecting the Rate of a ReactionThe aim of this try is to keistervass whether changing the submergence of a dissolver volition clear some(prenominal)(prenominal) effect on the swan of the response. We atomic number 18 trying to prove that extend the assiduousness will invigo ordain up the station of the reception.The put of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are utilise up or products are produced. In sight to measure the rate of reaction we measure the step of reactants used or products produced over a certain(a) period of time. In our try we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acrid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to look the rate of the reaction.According to Le Chateliers Principle if a system that is in balance wheel is disturbed, the equipoise lay out will change in order to advertize the disturbing settle and re-establish equilibrium (1). Therefore if the tautness of a conte nt is increased thusly the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the constriction of the reactants thence the anterior reaction will speed up. Based on this in bodation we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acrid will speed up with increased concentration.Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more(prenominal) powerful collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quick the rate of the reaction will be.Increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction.5 Equal Volume conelike flasksOne 500cm quantity piston chamberTwo 100cm bar piston chamberOne 10cm measuring cylinder8g of sodium thiosulphate35cm concentrate hydrochloric biting1 electronic plateful1 filter paper1 s go a scarwatch1 piece of whiten paper with black crossFirst we had to use the electronic scale to measure out 8g of sodium thiosulphate and then dissolve the 8g of thiosulphate in 200cm of water. This was through in the 500cm measuring cylinder.The following(a) step was to use the 100cm measuring cylinder to measure and pour 50cm, 40cm, 30cm, 20cm and 10cm respectively into the five identical conical flasks.In order to make sure that each conical flask had a total volume of 50cm of root we added 10cm, 20cm, 30cm and 40cm of water into the last iv flasks.The next step in the process was to use the other 100cm measuring cylinder to prepare a dilute etymon of hydrochloric mordant. This was done by adding 35cm of hydrochloric acid to 65cm of water. at once all the solutions were prepared it was time to conduct the test. We placed the conical flask on the piece of paper over the black cross. We used the 10cm measuring cylinder to measure 5cm of hydrochloric acid solution and added this to the conical flask. As soon as it wa s added we started the stopwatch. We observed the solution and as soon as it turned a creamy- scandalmongering and the cross could not be inspectn the stopwatch was halt and the time was written down.This was then repeated on the other four conical flasks.Once we had completed all the tests we cleaned out all the tool and repeated the whole experiment again with the remaining hydrochloric acid solution so that we could compare the results.FlaskSodium Thiosulphate concentration (cm) while (s)(experiment 1)Time (s)(experiment 2)15032.7224.1624033.8027.9033054.6043.0142084.9271.01510197.40158.19From the above tables and graphs we can see that our guesswork is correct. Increasing the concentration of a solution will increase the rate of the reaction. We can also see from the table and the graphs that the rate of the reaction differed in experiment 2. The cogitate for this could be that when we prepared the dilute solution of hydrochloric acid we did not mix it properly with the wat er. This lead to there being a stronger dilute in the bottom of the measuring cylinder compared to that at the top of the measuring cylinder. This would have affected the results as it means that in experiment 1 there was a weaker solution of hydrochloric acid used, when it came to experiment 2 we were using the solution at the bottom of the cylinder and that part of the solution is stronger and more concentrated.This actually helped prove our hypothesis as we can see that in experiment 2 the rate of the reaction was shorter. This is because there was a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid being added to the solution.In the graph concentration vs. 1/time we can see that a straight position is formed. This means that there is an inverse relationship between concentration and the rate of a reaction. As the concentration of a substance is increased then the time for the reaction to make full place is decreased.From all of the above results from the experiment conducted we can co nclude that the rate of a reaction is affected by the concentration of a substance. As there is a higher concentration of molecules in the substance then there will be more effective collisions taking place which means that the reaction will take place much faster.Chemistry Practical Investigation PreparationIn this practical investigation we are going to investigate the effect that concentration has on the rate of a reaction. In order to do this we are going to conduct an experiment which involves adding diametric concentrations of a substance to other substance and then take note of the different rates of reaction, if any difference is to be seen. If a difference is seen then we can abide by to the conclusion that concentration does have an effect on the rate of a reaction.According to Le Chateliers Principle if a system that is in equilibrium is disturbed, the equilibrium position will change in order to oppose the disturbing influence and re-establish equilibrium (1). Therefo re if the concentration of a substance is increased then the reaction that removes that substance will be favoured in order to re-establish equilibrium in the system. So if we are increasing the concentration of the reactants then the forward reaction will speed up. Based on this information we can predict that the rate of the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid will speed up with increased concentration.Since increasing the concentration will increase the amount of molecules we can predict that there will be more effective collisions taking place. The more effective collisions taking place, the quicker the rate of the reaction will be. Thus we can conclude in our hypothesis that increasing the concentration of a substance will increase the rate of the reaction.The rate of a chemical reaction is the rate at which reactants are used up or products are produced. In order to measure the rate of reaction we measure the amount of reactants used or products produced over a certain period of time. In our experiment we have chosen to use sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. This is because this reaction would be the easiest for us to note the rate of the reaction. Other reactions that we couldve used include the reaction that is represented in the following equation 2 NO + O2 = 2 NO2. The reason that we did not chose this reaction is because it would be to complicated for us to monitor the rate of the reaction. It is for this reason that we chose to use the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate.In this experiment we are going to prepare five measuring cylinders each with different concentrations of sodium thiosulphate in. This is to test what effect the different concentrations have on the rate of the reaction. In order to make sure that each flask has an equal total volume we will add water to the each measuring cylinder. The next step of the process is to draw a cross on a piece of paper and place it under the measuring c ylinder. Once that has been done we will add a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to each of the measuring cylinders. Since we know that this reaction produces a creamy yellow precipitate it will not be hard to measure the rate of the reaction. Once the hydrochloric acid has been added we will time how long it takes until we cannot see the cross on the paper, this means until the creamy yellow precipitate is formed and the solution becomes turbid.If our hypothesis is correct then we will find that the measuring cylinders with a higher concentration of sodium thiosulphate will take quicker to form a creamy-yellow precipitate, thus proving that increasing concentration increases the rate of the reaction.BibliographyM. Mann Physical perception 12 textbook and workbook October 2007 page 16-1http//www.azete.com/view/48253http//www.science.uwaterloo.ca/cchieh/cact/c123/coneffec.html

Export Potential Of Thai Canned Tuna To Japan

Export Po 10tial Of Thai tinned tunny To lacquerChapter I IntroductionCanned ocean foods sedulousness is a value-added industry for both domestic and imported raw products before tradeingationationation to foreign countries. It has been one of Thais exported agricultural industries which grown in value continuously. Canned tunny fish industry is the approximately valuable keep sea foods in Thailand. It has a value of 84 percent of the total transcribed sea foods export value in 2008. Thailand has been the worlds largest exporter of put up tunny for the last ten years, represents about 40 percent of worlds tinned tuna export get along (EXIM Bank, 2009).japan has been one of the major merchandises of Thai put up tuna export for very long period of times. Japans wander of import has been increasing roughly every year. It imported 1.6 one million million million cartons in 1991 and change magnitude to about 2.6 million cartons in 1995 which Thailand was the number one exporter. Thailand held the securities industry apportions of 53.4 percent in 1991, increased to the highest of 71.8 percent in1994, and decreased to 53.43 percent in 1995 (Boonmasu, 1998). More recently, Thailand still held most of the Japan tin tuna food trade shares (50.9 percent) in 2008, fallowed by In makesia (23.2 percent) and Philippines (16.7 percent) (Global Trade, 2008).However, immediately Thailand is facing the problems of quantity and outlay uncertainty including import tax in exportation of canned tuna to Japan. In the last quarter of 2008 (October December) the export of canned tuna from Thailand experienced a negative trend as a result of the economic crisis. Except for the USA, exports to opposite major markets showed incisive decline during this period including Japan which decreases about 7.8 percent (Josupeit, 2009).Even though Thailand is the worlds largest canned tuna exporter, amount of tuna in Thai body of water area alone is not enough for th e canned tuna industry so Thailand has to import raw natural (tuna) from other countries for up to 70 percent of the total tuna scuttlebutt, this results as the high apostrophize of product because about 73 percent of canned tuna production appeal come from chilled or frozen tuna (Jintatam, 1997)Indonesia and Philippines are the major competitors that deliver some services over Thailand. These two countries have abundance of tuna imaginativeness and low labor cost which give them the advantage of lower cost of production. However, their production forces are still far off Thais total canned tuna production.International trade agreements like the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership concord (JTEPA) and the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (AJCEP) are the major factors affect import tax of canned tuna in Japan that essential to be studied. Japan has decreased import tax for Thai canned tuna from 4.3 percent to 3.2 percent in 2009 and pull up stakes d ecrease to 0 percent in 2012 under JTEPA. However, Thailand still has to import raw material (tuna) from other countries and JTEPA only affects tuna that been caught from Thais boat or IOTC (Indian Ocean tunny Commission) members, so Thailand cannot get full advantage from the agreement. It is expected that AJCEP agreement turn outament increase advantage of Thai canned tuna export to Japan after its enforcement in 2009.From the above reasons, it is important to demand Japans canned tuna market nature, market share, proportional advantage of Thailand, and related trade agreements to manipulate a decision of expansion the export of Thais canned tuna market to Japan in the incoming.ObjectivesTo study market nature, change of growth rate and market shares, and militantness of Thai canned tuna in Japan.To study effects of international trade agreements JTEPA and AJCEP to Thai canned tuna export to Japan.To analyze relationships amid frozen tuna prices and amount of Thai canned tuna export to Japan.Contribution/BenefitsThis study pop the questions knowledge of canned tuna market in Japan including growth rate and changes of market share to know potential and competitiveness of Thai exports. And as well provides knowledge of factors effecting export value change to find errors which could be apply by exporters and other researchers for further study.Methodology and VariablesThe study gathers related subaltern data from previous(prenominal) researches, journals and thesis, including statistics from both the government and public sectors e.g. EXIM bank, Department of Export Promotion, Department of avocation Economics, Department of Fisheries, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FOA).Descriptive Analysis will be used to describe nature of canned tuna market export from Thailand to Japan, effects of JTEPA and AJCEP on canned tuna export, growth rate and market shares of Thai canned tuna export to Japan, and SWOT analysis, to chequer competitiveness b etween Thailand and its major competitors Indonesia and Philippines, by using statistic data in the form of chart, percentage, and table to support the description.Grangers spring Test is used to check relationship of frozen tuna price and amount of Thai canned tuna exports to Japan.If away X contains utilizable culture (in addition to the cultivation in past Y) to predict future Y, so X farmer causes Y.Z fails to Granger-causes Y if MSEE(xtIt-1) = MSEE(xtJt-1) present It-1 contains past information on Y and Z while Jt-1 contains past information on Y only. regression xt=c+xt-1+yt-1+utTest H0 =0Chapter II literary productions ReviewSeveral published literatures had examined export potential of Thai canned tuna to foreign markets such as the study of Charoenkhwan (2003) which studied on the ordinary condition of canned tuna marketing in U.S.A., market share of Thai canned tuna in U.S.A. and factors that impact on demand for input of U.S.A. to Thai canned tuna. The result of studying general condition indicated that Thailand was the first ranking of the world in canned tuna industry. They also analyzed on changing of export value of canned tuna by using Constant commercialize Share framework (CMS) indicated that Albacore, Yellow fin and the other tuna of Thailand had exports average growth more than than U.S.A. trade effect. For an analysis on factors that impact on demand for input of U.S.A. to Thai canned tuna was dependent on import price in Thai canned tuna adjusting by consumer price big businessman of U.S.A.Boonmasu (1998) aimed to study the nature, together with the problem and the obstacles of the production and export, including the study of market competitive advantage of Thai canned tuna product by canvas among the majors competitors within this region Philippines and Indonesia. Her study emphasized on important export markets the USA, EU, Japan and the world markets. Quantitative analysis, descriptive analysis and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) are the major tools she used to analyze the gathered secondary data during 1991-1995. The outcome of the study shows that Thailand has to import the frozen tuna more or less 70 percent of the volume needed for production. The analysis of the main export markets of Thailand has found that the product is more competitive comparing to the other competitors. However, such competitive ability and advantage seem to be lessened consistently. domain of Kijboonchoo and Kalayanakupt (2003) attempted to measure the comparative advantage and competitive strength of Thailand in exporting canned tuna to the world market between 1982 and 1998. They also used revealed comparative advantage (RCA) as the major tool. Their study shows that Thailand was the largest exporter of canned tuna in the world market between 1982 and 1998. Thailands comparative advantage has been decreasing in all the studied periods. Also market shares in depots of export volume and value have fallen signifi cantly in the studied periods.Kaewchuey (2007) studied production and marketing of wield issue and crude palm rock oil in Thailand, and analyzed palm oil price relationship between different market levels. The Vector defect Correction Model (VECM) and the Ganger Causality Test were employed to examine the plane and vertical price relationships of palm oil. The results showed that all price series used in this study were integrated of order I. Therefore, the Cointegration Test was applied to test for long term price relationships between the markets. The results indicated that there were long term relationships between international prices of crude palm oil and in large quantities prices, and between wholesale prices and palm fruit prices in local markets. The result from the Grangers Causality Tests revealed that vertical price relationships existed. International prices of crude palm oil Granger-caused wholesale prices, which, in turn, Granger-caused palm fruit prices in loca l markets. The results implied that the price of palm oil at a higher market level could influence the price at a lower market level.Chapter III Japan Canned Tuna MarketMarket CharacteristicsGrowth Rate and Market SharesTable 3.1 Market shares of canned tuna in major market countries in the year 2008(Unit percents)USAAustraliaJapanThailand46.496.250.9Indonesia6.2123.2Philippines12.50.716.7Others34.92.19.2Total degree Celsius100100Source Global Trade, 2008Table 3.2 Thailands frozen tuna imports 2007-2008 (separated by species)(Unit Q in 1,000 tons, V in billion Baht)Species2007Q2007V2008Q2008V% changeQ% changeVSkipjack403.116,169.7498.928,202.923.874.4Yellow Fin844,477.482.25,356.5-2.119.6Albacore32.22,019.424.21,928.4-24.8-4.5Big Eye2.8113.24.2221.150-95.3Others0.818.90.17.216.6-61.9Total522.922,789.6609.635,716.1Source INFOFISHChapter IV International Trade AgreementsJTEPAAJCEPChapter V SWOT AnalysisStrength weaknessOpportunityThreatsChapter VI Grangers Causality TestIf past X con tains useful information (in addition to the information in past Y) to predict future Y, we say X granger causes Y.Note that Grangers causality test whitethorn or may not indicate causal effect of x on y (could you think of some examples?)Z fails to Granger-causes y if MSEE(xtIt-1) = MSEE(xtJt-1)Here It-1 contains past information on Y and Z while Jt-1 contains past information on Y only.Regression xt=c+xt-1+yt-1+utTest H0 =0Chapter VII Conclusion and DiscussionKijboonchoo and Kalayanakupt (2003) had made suggestions of vi possible ways to solve the Thais canned tuna problems and obstacles that should be done by both government and private sector the problem of the need of domestic raw materials should be eliminated or reduced, production plants and procedure should be upgraded, Thai producers and exporters should build up their own brands and trademarks, Producers and exporters should adjust their plants, products and production procedures to graceful the importing countries sta ndards and regulations, the related government unit should provide more information to the Thai producers and exporters, and they should have the web site in order to provide their information to customers.

Privity of Contract Reform

Privity of buzz off ReformIt is important to accentuate that, while our proposed reforms will give some tertiary parties the good to levy bundles, there will remain m each requires where a trine companionship stands to benefit and yet will not comport a business of compelabilityIn 1996, the truth c atomic number 18 published Privity of Contract Contract for the turn a profit of Third Parties. The proposals set out in this report were later legislated on the basis of, in the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999. The aim of this regulation was fundamentally to alter the law in relation to the concept of privity of distill, in localize to grant 3rd parties who were not parties to the original strike certain estimables. The dogma of privity of contract will be considered, and the effect on this of the C(RTP)A will be analysed. Finally, some consideration will be given to the forefront of whether the legislation has gone far teeming in reforming the law of privity.It has historically been a fundamental and central principle of contract law in England and Wales that except the actual parties to a contract nooky have either contractual rights or duties conferred upon them. This was established at common law in the eluding of Tweddle v Atkinson (1861). The doctrine was confirmed in the early ordinal coke in the drive of Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915). It is important at the outset to distinguish the doctrine of privity of contract from the hazard of a third caller enforcing a collateral contract. These are instead distinct scenarios. Under the firstly (historically), the third party had no right to claim rights, nor to be held liable for the performance of contractual duties. In the assist scenario, as was established at common law in the case of Shanklin bob v Detel Products Ltd (1951), an actual contract might be put together to exist amid the third party and one of the parties to the contract . It is the former of the twain situations with which the C(RTP)A 1999 is concerned. The two interests (as defined by McKendrick) which a third party move have in a contract to which he is not a party are both whether or not he shtup acquire rights under that contract, and whether or not the contract in question target impose any liabilities or obligations on him.1 The most meaningful impact on this area was that of the C(RTP)A, which Trietel describes as the most substantial domineering development in side contract law in the twentieth century.2What, then, is the purpose of privity of contract? It is, rather obviously, to do with the perceived injustice of awful rights or obligations as between two parties who have had no dealing, at least no contractual dealing. It is clear that if X and Y precede a contractually binding agreement, Y has not made any agreement with Z, and therefore there is no rationale for entitling Z to withstand enforcement action against Y. The justif ication for the doctrine flows from the fact that contractual obligations, unlike tortious ones, are voluntary.3 As Ibbetson states, the rule that a third party could not enforce rights arising under a contract has been a feature of side of meat law since at least the thirteenth century.4 The distinction between the learnedness of third party rights and obligations in contracts and some other exceptions to privity of contract has already been mentioned. These exceptions tin can be expanded beyond collateral contracts (as seen in Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd (1951)), to include a want of a contractual right, whereby a right may be transferred by way of property, as, for usage, under a trust5 the assignment of contractual rights to a third party (as in, for example, calcium hydroxide Gardens deposit Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd (1994)) in cases of agency, where the component is acting on his leashs behalf, with the full authority of that principle, and concludes a contract (following Wakefield v Duckworth (1915), where the agent was operating within his authority, he drops out of the picture and the contract is between the principal and the other contract party) and cases where a claimant who is a third party suffers loss because of the negligent performance of the contract by a contract party, as in the classic case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932).The doctrine of privity, then, was a foundational principle of English contract law until the advent of the Law Commissions report in 1996. The opening quotation, taken from that report, explicitly seeks to fix the implications of the reforms that would later find their way into the C(RTP)A 1999, and the consideration above of the centrality of the doctrine of privity to contract law generally, shows why these limitations were considered necessary. What is the impact on this doctrine of the C(RTP)A, and does this do enough to reform the law on privity?The C(RTP)A states that subject to the provisi ons of this Act, a individual who is not a party to a contract may in his own right enforce a endpoint of the contract if the contract distillly provides that he may or the term purports to confer a benefit on him. Furthermore, the third party must be conductly place in the contract by name, of a outgrowth of a class or as functioning to a particular comment except need not be in existence when the contract is entered into.6 There are, then, two separate tests for enforceability. The first test is described by Burrows as the simplest, and so it is it is a simple question of fact whether the contract expresses the third party may enforce a term of it.7 An example of this explicit authorisation of the third party to enforce a term of the contract is where the contract states X the third party shall have the right to enforce the following terms of the contract The provision under this section is less(prenominal) restrictive than it might be because of the implications of sect ion 1(3) which complements it, stating that the third party does not need to be named it is sufficient for the third party to be the member of an identified class.The piece test of enforceability under the Act is, again in the words of Burrows, is concerned with the implied conferral of rights on third parties (as opposed to the express conferral discussed above).8 The reasoning behind including this second test for enforceability can be broken down into 3 key areas. The first concerns the issue of implied rights in contracts, brought into the contract by implied terms. It is considered that to limit third party rights is akin to close implied terms. In other words, the parties targets are not always their express intentions. The very(prenominal) can apply to third parties. The second area of justification for implied third party rights revolves around the uselessness of a reform confined to an express conferral of rights, unless the contracting parties included some magic formu la in the agreement so as to fall within the scope of the first test.9 Cases where third parties would be unaffected by the C(RTP)A 1999 if the reform was confined to expressly mentioned third parties include Beswick v Beswick (1968), in which A contracted with B to pay money to C and Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bro (1988), in which liability insurance was taken out to protect third parties to the contract. Finally, the implied conferral of rights on third parties has been justified by the fact that the aforesaid(prenominal) magic formula will only be used in informed, well drafted contracts, which more will not be, particularly in the consumer bowl where good legal advice is not affordable.Do these two tests reflect the spunk of the opening quotation? It can certainly be seen how these two tests of enforceability have altered the doctrine of privity substantially, and in particular the second test of enforceability relating to implied third party rights. The Law C ommissions statement, however, suggests a counterweight, between maintaining privity for many contracts, and allowing third party rights in others. This balance can be seen to be aimed for by the existence of a rebuttable self-reliance of intention inherent in the second test of enforceability. This rebuttable presumption attains a further balance, between a sufficient degree of certainty between contracting parties, and sufficient tractability. This flexibility was required in order for the C(RTP)A 1999 to apply to the potentially huge mark of contracts for which it was intended. The presumption is set up by asking the question when are the parties likely to have intended to confer a right on a third party to confer a term? If the answer is where the term purports to confer a benefit on the expressly identified third party, then the presumption is raised.10 This, of course, can be rebutted by the ordinary contractual interpretation of an indication that the parties did not inte nd this. The balance can be seen to have been aimed for, at least, in the two tests of enforceability in the C(RTP)A 1999.An illustration of how the tests would be applied to decided cases is offered by Trietel, who identifies the case of capital of Mississippi v Horizon Holidays (1975) as falling within the scope of the second test under section 1(1)(b). He observes that if the psyche making the date for a holiday on behalf of a third party supplied the names of the other members of the family when the contract was made, those other members would probably acquire rights under subsection 1(1). but no such rights are likely to be acquired if a person simply rented a holiday cottage without giving any cultivation as to the number or names of the persons with whom he proposed to share the accommodation.11 This, then, can be seen to be a limitation to the effect of the reform legislation. It is suggested by McKendrick that section 1 simply gives the contracting parties an incentive t o make their intention clear, which, again, returns to the issue mentioned above about the need for well-drafted contracts.12The C(RTP)A 1999 is a highly significant piece of reform legislation, which fundamentally alters a central doctrine of English contract law. It can be seen to represent the superiority of the doctrine of license of contract over that of privity of contract. The significance of the Act is that while it maintains the previous exceptions to privity of contract, contracting parties will probably make increasing use of the Act rather than these, as a matter of certainty. The effect of the Act is somewhat limited, however, by the continuing requirement of clarity in the construction of the contract, whereby a presumption of an intention to confer rights on a third party can be rebutted. The effect of this, however, is simply to encourage a clarity of intention on the part of the contracting parties.BIBLIOGRAPHYStatutesContracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999Cas esBeswick v Beswick 1968 AC 58Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge and Co Ltd 1915 AC 847Jackson v Horizon Holidays 1975 1 WLR 1468Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd 1994 1 AC 85Shanklin Pier v Detel Products Ltd 1951 2 All ER 471Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v McNiece Bro (1988) 165 CLR 107Tweddle v Atkinson 1861 1873 All ER Rep 369Wakefield v Duckworth 1915 1 KB 218Secondary sourcesBurrows, A. (2000) The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act and its Implications for Commercial Contracts (LMCLQ 540)Ibbetson, D. (1999) A diachronic Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford OUP)Law Commission (1996) Privity of Contract Contract for the clear of Third Parties (Law Comm 242)McKendrick, E. (2003) Contract Law Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford OUP)Smith, S.A. (1997) Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties In Defence of the Third-Party Rule, 7 OJLS 643Trietel, G.H. (1999) The Law of Contract, 10th mutation (London clean Maxwell)Trietel, G.H. (2002) Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law (Oxford OUP)Footnotes1 McKendrick, E. (2003) Contract Law Text, Cases and Materials (Oxford OUP), p11402 Trietel, P. (2002) Some Landmarks of Twentieth Century Contract Law (Oxford OUP), p473 See Smith, S.A. (1997) Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties In Defence of the Third-Party Rule, 7 OJLS 643, p6454 Ibbetson, D. (1999) A Historical Introduction to the Law of Obligations (Oxford OUP), p2415 Per Viscount Haldane in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Lt v Selfridge and Co Ltd (1915)6 C(RTP)A 1999, ss1(1)(a),1(1)(b) and 1(3)7 Burrows, A. (2000) The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act and its Implications for Commercial Contracts (LMCLQ 540), p5428 Ibid9 Ibid10 Ibid, p54311 Trietel, G.H. (1999) The Law of Contract, 10th Edition (London Sweet Maxwell), p60312 McKendrick (2003), p1212